Socialismand Fascism 167the nextbestsolutionwouldbe to slaughtereachandeveryone of them.In Proudhon’s
words,“Onemustsendthis racebackto Asiaor exterminateit.”^132
AnotherFrenchsocialistespousingthis viewwasAlphonseToussenel(1803–1885),a
discipleof pioneeringsocialistCharlesFourier.^133 Toussenel,elucidatesGeorgeMosse,
“wasinfluentialin popularizingNationalSocialism.He wasto writeoneof the most
importantattacksuponthe inbornandirredeemablefaultsof the Jewishrule.The Jews,
Kingsof the Age(Les Juifs,Roisde l’Époque, 1845),subtitledHistoryof the FeudalAristocracyof
Financiers, linkedthe medievalimageof the Jewas usurerto the populismof a society
suddenlyplungedintothe maelstromof earlycapitalism... .TheJews,accordingto
Toussenel,dominatedthe worldthroughtheircontrolof financecapital.... Toussenel
camefroma ruralbackground,andfor himthe Jewswerealsothe despoilersof the
countryside—a viewsharedby manyGermanwritersfor whomthe Jew wasthe enemy
of the peasant.”^134 Mossesummarizesthe collectiveimpressionof Proudhon,Fourier,and
Toussenel—” TheJewishrace...waspredatory,competitive,andwithoutmorality,and
wasthereforeto be excludedfromparticipationin a genuinelynationalandsocialist
community.” Mossethenobserves,“Thesocialconcernsof menlike Tousseneland
Proudhonwerebasedupona rejectionof modernity,a hostilityto civilizationas an urban
accomplishment.HeretheyagreedwithRichardWagner,theiryoungerGermancontem-
porary,thatequalityamongpeopleanda nationcommittedto socialjusticemeantthe
destructionof the ‘powerof gold.’ Jewssymbolizedthis power,hencethe exploitationof
the peopleamongwhomtheylived.” Thissocialist“wasdrivenby his anti-financecapi-
talismto a raciststance.”^135
Givenour recollectionthatMadisonGrantreceivedmutualpraisefromHitlerand
TheodoreRooseveltfor his governisteugenicism,^136 it is not startlingthatGrantsounded
the alarmthatthe PolishJews’ “ruthlessconcentrationon self-interest” is being“en-
grafteduponthe stockof the nation.”^137 AnotherAmericanassociateof TheodoreRoose-
velt’s to expressanti-Semitismon anti-capitalistgroundswasthe progressive,muckrak-
ing photojournalistJacobRiis (1849–1914).Riis is routinelylionizedas a crusaderfor the
underprivilegedwhoexposedthe needfor urbanrenewalwithhis mostfamousbook.
StanleyP. Caineslobbersthat publicconcern“abouttenementhousingmushroomedafter
the publicationin 1890of JacobRiis’sHowthe OtherHalfLives.. .” Caineis ecstaticthat in
the “atmosphereof discontent” that Riis originated,“importantgainsweremadein urban
reforms.”^138
LessoftendiscussedthanRiis’s allegedsainthood,andthe moralgreatnessofThe
OtherHalf, is thatverybook’s insistencethatJewsare inherentlyavaricious.In chapters
called“Jewtown” and “The Sweatersof Jewtown,” Riis wringshis handsoversweatshops
in whichboththe ownersand employeesare Jews.He deploresthe businessowneras an
exploiterandthe low-paidemployeesas harmfulto the livelihoodsof gentilesin the
workforce,advancingthe falseaccusationthatthe willingnessof Jewsandotherimmi-
grantminoritiesto workfor lowwagesinexorablybidsdownthe averagewagefor
everyoneelse.“TheJewhas monopolizedthe business” of garmenting,Riiscomplains,
but “not satisfiedwithhavingwonthe field,he strivesas hotlywithhis own”—other
Jews—“for the profitof halfa centas he foughtwithhis Christiancompetitorfor the
dollar.” Riisshakeshis headat whathe considersthe mindsetof Jews.“Moneyis their
God,” he insists.^139
JohnMaynardKeyneswhined,“It is not agreeableto see civilizationso underthe ugly
thumbsof its impureJewswhohaveall the moneyand the powerand brains.”^140
In 1919the “fearof a Jewishconspiracy—capitalistor communist,dependingon the
situation—was... usedextensively” by the Pan-GermanVolkishmovement,states
GeorgeL. Mosse.^141 Thereis no wonderthenthatthe famousforgery,The Protocolsof the
Eldersof Zion, propagatedaccusationsaboutJewishbankerscontrollingeverything.^142