TheyLovedBloodand Soil but Not the Mind 229107.J. Olsen1999,qtd. by DeGregori2001,accessedonlineWednesday,May30, 2007.
108.Qtd.by T. DeGregori2001,accessedonlineWednesday,May30, 2007,citingJ. Olsen1999.
109.Spiro2009,379.
110.Qtd.by P. Staudenmaier2013.
111.P. Staudenmaier2013.
112.J. L. Simon1998,tradepaperback,458, wiselydisputesthe notionthat animalshaverights.
113.To see the extentto whichchimpanzeesspoliateone another,consultGoodall1971;Goodall1986,
283,514,530;andF. Waal2005,26–27, 127.For informationon chimpscommitting“rape” on other
chimps,see R. Wright2000,tradepaperback,50. Orangutans“rape” one anothertoo,accordingto van
Schaik2004.
114.F. Waal2005,27. I arguethatfor an organismto haveLockeanrights,it mustbe a sapientbeing
witha rationalfaculty,as a rationalfacultyis a prerequisiteto havinga conceptof rightsand beingableto
adhereto thoserightsin others.Somemightwonderif chimpanzees,bonobos,and othergreatapesmight
fit intothis category,as someof themhaveallegedlybeentaughtsignlanguage.It is truethatgreatapes
are moreadeptthanmostspeciesin recognizingandmemorizinghumansymbols,suchas the Arabic
numerals.Thatis seenin J. Rubin,prod.2008.Greatapesdo not actuallyunderstandAmericanSign
Language(ASL),however.The psychologistswhoclaimedto havetaughtASLto greatapeslike Kokothe
gorillaand Washoethe chimpanzeewereconvenientlyinterpretingthe apes’ gesturesas ASL.Whendeaf
peoplewhoactuallyknewASLtriedto communicatewiththe greatapesthroughASL,theyfoundthat
the apeswerenot usingASLand yet the psychologistsdemandedthat the greatapes’ randomgesturesbe
interpretedas officialASLsigns.For informationon this,see A. Neisser1983,202–233;S. Pinker2000,
paperback,342–350;and J. Trefil1997,57–60. As observedby J. Trefil1997,59–60, 350,one trulyimpres-
sivecasewhereit appearsthata greatape mightunderstandsomehumansymbolsis thatof Kanzithe
bonobo.Evenin thiscase,Kanzi’s vocabularyis too limitedto considerKanzion par withan adult
sapienthumanbeing.J. Trefil1997,60, observesthat Kanziwasoncediscoveredto have“aboutthe same
linguisticabilityas a two-and-a-half-year-oldchild.... In the yearssincethoseinitialfindings,the length
of Kanzi’s sentenceshas not grownpasta coupleof words... Basedon this finding,it seemssafeto say
thathumanlanguage,as it is nowunderstood,can be numberedamongthe uniqueadaptationsof our
species,and one that is not sharedwithany of the rest of the animalkingdom.”
115.van Schaik2004,86.
116.Msarovicand Pestel1974,1.
117.A. Gregg1955,681,accessedonlineWednesday,April23, 2014.Zubrin2012,1, broughtthis state-
mentto my attention.
118.P. R. Ehrlich1968,152.
119.Zakaria2003,63–64.
120.R. B. Jackson1968,15; and Montaguand Burgess-Wise1995.
121.M. Goran1967;and T. Hager2008.
122.See Humboldt1854,ch. 3, para.1, accessedonlineMonday,March5, 2012.I learnedaboutHum-
boldt’s pro-libertyargumentsfromG. H. Smith1991-D,207.
123.Romanticismbeingthe preeminentphilosophyof nineteenth-centuryGermanyis notedin I. Berlin
1980b,19.
124.A. Padgen2013,382–86, pointsout that Hamannand Herderwereinfluencedby Kantbut believed
thatKantcontradictedhimselfin believinghumanswereindividuals,and thattheyalsobelievedthatby
denyingthatsensoryevidenceconfirmedthe individualseparatenessof eachperson,theyweretaking
Kant’s epistemologyto its logicalconclusion.Ibid. alsopointsout thatHamannand Herderpioneeredin
the Germanromanticistmovement.I. Berlin1998a,242–44, pointsout thatFichtesimilarlybelievedthat
he wastakingKant’s epistemologyto its logicalconclusionby sayingthatsincesensoryevidencepro-
videsno objectiveknowledge,it followsthatthereis no objectiveknowledgethateachpersonis an
individual.Consequently,pointsoutibid., Fichtebelievedhe couldjustlyarguethatit wastheoretically
possiblethatall humanbeingssharethe samecollectiveconsciousness;sensoryevidenceto the contrary
be damned.
125.I. Berlin1980b,184–87.
126.I. Berlin1998a,242–44.
127.I. Berlin1980b,184–87 withrespectto Hume’s anti-inductionargumentinfluencingJacobi’s collecti-
vism;andI. Berlin1998a,242–44, withrespectto Kant’s anti-inductionargumentinfluencingFichte’s
collectivism.
128.A. Padgen2013,386.
129.Fest 1974 U.S.version,96.
130.A. Herman1997,41.
131.Qtd.by T. Kealey1996,314.
132.A. Herman1997,41.
133.C. Webberand A. Wildavsky1986,314–15.
134.Fest 1974 U.S.version,96.