John King Fairbank,Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports,
1842–1854(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953) also remains useful.
- Norman Graebner,Manifest Destiny(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968) remains the
classic history of this subject; also see Anders Stephanson,Manifest Destiny: American Expan-
sion and the Empire of Right(New York: Hill & Wang, 1995). - This incident occurred in 1859, off the northern Chinese forts at the mouth of the Taku
River; see Robert W. Love Jr.,History of the U.S. Navy Volume I: 1775–1941,(Harrisburg, PA:
Stackpole Books, 1992), 238–39. - See Bernard D. Cole,Gunboats and Marines: The U.S. Navy in China(Wilmington, DE:
University of Delaware Press, 1982).Ashuelothad a memorable career: a double-ended paddle-
wheeler built for service in the American Civil War, this gunboat served for almost twenty
years in Asian waters, from 1867–1883, most of it on China’s coast and rivers. See http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSAshuelot(1865). - Mahan’s magnum opus,Influence of Sea Power,was originally published in 1890. He
lived from 1840 to 1914, thus dying at the onset of the war many expected to validate his the-
ories. Japan’s views on Mahan are described in Sadao Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor:
American Strategic Theory and the Rise of the Imperial Japanese Navy(Annapolis, MD: Naval
Institute Press, 2006). - See James R. Reckner,Teddy Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet(Annapolis, MD: Naval Insti-
tute Press, 1989). The battleships were accompanied by six destroyers and four supply ships. - Text is at http://www.usd.edu/~sbucklin/primary/taftkatsura.htm.
- Text is in Ruhl J. Bartlett,The Record of American Diplomacy,4th ed. (New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 1964), 415. - Text is at http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/21demands.htm.
- Text is at http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/pre-war/9_power.html.
- The text of the Nine-Power Treaty may be found at http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/
pre-war/9_power.html. - China rightfully felt betrayed by the Allies, especially by President Woodrow Wilson,
who transferred German possessions in China to Japan despite China’s contribution of
hundreds of thousands of laborers to World War I’s Western Front. This continued colonial
treatment gave rise to the student-led riots across China known as the May 4th incident.
See Chow Tse-tsung,The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1960), or Jonathan Spence,The Search for Modern
China,2nd ed. (Boston: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001), sec. III. - Article XIX of the Five-Power Treaty, the full text of which is at http://www.micro
works.net/pacific/road_to_war/washington_treaty.htm. - Text is at http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/forrel/1922v1/tr1921.htm.
- The best description of this phenomenon remains Richard Storry,The Double Patriots:
A Study of Japanese Nationalism(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957). - Text is at http:www.firstworldwar.com/source/anglojapanesealliance1902.htm.
- See Cole,Gunboats and Marines.
- The best work on Army planning during this period is Brian Linn,Guardians of
Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902–1942(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press, 1997), and Henry G. Cole,The Road to Rainbow: Army Planning for Global
War, 1934–1940(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002). For U.S. Navy planning, see
Edward S. Miller,War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945(Annapolis,
MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991).
Notes 189