153
- Silva NA, Sousa N, Reis RL, Salgado AJ (2014) From basics to clinical: a comprehensive
review on spinal cord injury. Prog Neurobiol 114:25–57. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.002 - Schwab ME (2002) Repairing the injured spinal cord. Science 295:1029–1031. doi: 10.1126/
science.1067840 - Popovich PG, Wei P, Stokes BT (1997) Cellular infl ammatory response after spinal cord
injury in Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats. J Comp Neurol 377:443–464 - Yiu G, He Z (2006) Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:617–627.
doi: 10.1038/nrn1956 - Garbossa D, Boido M, Fontanella M et al (2012) Recent therapeutic strategies for spinal cord
injury treatment: possible role of stem cells. Neurosurg Rev 35:293–311. doi: 10.1007/
s10143-012-0385-2 , discussion 311 - Cregg JM, DePaul MA, Filous AR et al (2014) Functional regeneration beyond the glial scar.
Exp Neurol 253:197–207. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.024 - Bush TG, Puvanachandra N, Horner CH et al (1999) Leukocyte infi ltration, neuronal degen-
eration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult
transgenic mice. Neuron 23:297–308. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80781-3 - Faulkner JR, Herrmann JE, Woo MJ et al (2004) Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and pre-
serve function after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 24:2143–2155 - Barnabé-Heider F, Göritz C, Sabelström H et al (2010) Origin of new glial cells in intact and
injured adult spinal cord. Cell Stem Cell 7:470–482. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.07.014 - Busch SA, Horn KP, Cuascut FX et al (2010) Adult NG2+ cells are permissive to neurite
outgrowth and stabilize sensory axons during macrophage-induced axonal dieback after spi-
nal cord injury. J Neurosci 30:255–265. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3705-09.2010 - Göritz C, Dias DO, Tomilin N et al (2011) A pericyte origin of spinal cord scar tissue. Science
333:238–242. doi: 10.1126/science.1203165 - Meletis K, Barnabé-Heider F, Carlén M et al (2008) Spinal cord injury reveals multilineage
differentiation of ependymal cells. PLoS Biol 6, e182. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060182 - Sabelström H, Stenudd M, Réu P et al (2013) Resident neural stem cells restrict tissue dam-
age and neuronal loss after spinal cord injury in mice. Science 342:637–640. doi: 10.1126/
science.1242576 - Soderblom C, Luo X, Blumenthal E et al (2013) Perivascular fi broblasts form the fi brotic scar
after contusive spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 33:13882–13887. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2524-
13.2013 - Horn KP, Busch SA, Hawthorne AL et al (2008) Another barrier to regeneration in the CNS:
activated macrophages induce extensive retraction of dystrophic axons through direct physi-
cal interactions. J Neurosci 28:9330–9341 - Jones LL, Margolis RU, Tuszynski MH (2003) The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neuro-
can, brevican, phosphacan, and versican are differentially regulated following spinal cord
injury. Exp Neurol 182:399–411. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00087-6 - Tang X, Davies JE, Davies SJA (2003) Changes in distribution, cell associations, and protein
expression levels of NG2, neurocan, phosphacan, brevican, versican V2, and tenascin-C during
acute to chronic maturation of spinal cord scar tissue. J Neurosci Res 71:427–444. doi: 10.1002/
jnr.10523 - McKeon RJ, Höke A, Silver J (1995) Injury-induced proteoglycans inhibit the potential for
laminin-mediated axon growth on astrocytic scars. Exp Neurol 136:32–43. doi: 10.1006/
exnr.1995.1081 - McKeon RJ, Jurynec MJ, Buck CR (1999) The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan
and phosphacan are expressed by reactive astrocytes in the chronic CNS glial scar. J Neurosci
19:10778–10788 - Herrmann JE, Imura T, Song B et al (2008) STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and
scar formation after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 28:7231–7243. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.
1709-08.2008
7 Regenerative Strategies for the Central Nervous System