Innovations_in_Molecular_Mechanisms_and_Tissue_Engineering_(Stem_Cell_Biology_and_Regenerative_Medicine)

Fig. 4.1 Examples of limb and tail regeneration in amphibians and lizards. ( a , b ) Morphological
comparison of ( a ) salamander ( Ambystoma mexicanum ) and ( b ) frog ( Xenopus laevis ) forelimbs
before ( left ) and 8 weeks after ( right ) amputation. Salamanders regenerate new limbs, while frogs
regenerate cartilage spikes. ( c , d ) Histological analysis (pentachrome) of regenerated ( c ) salaman-
der and ( d ) frog limbs. Salamanders regenerate all the skeletal elements of the upper arm and hand,