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and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth.Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, 350–355.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2006).The condition of
education 2006. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Van der Horst, K., Paw, M. J. C. A., Twisk, J. W. R., & van Mechelen, W. (2007). A brief review
on correlates of physical activity and sedentariness in youth.Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise, 39, 1241–1250.
Williams, H. G., Pfeiffer, K. A., O’Neill, J. R., Dowda, M., McIver, K. L., Brown, W. H., et al.
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e1758–e1765.


Appendix 1: References Used to Estimate PALs in Contemporary


Children (1996–2011)


Abbott, R. A., & Davies, P. S. W. (2004). Habitual physical activity and physical activity intensity:
Their relation to body composition in 5.0–10.5-y-old children.European Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 58, 285–291.
Ball, E. J., O’Connor, J., Abbott, R., Steinbeck, K. S., Davies, P. S. W., Wishart, C., et al. (2001).
Total energy expenditure, body fatness, and physical activity in children aged 6–9y.American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74, 524–528.
Bandini, L. G., Must, A., Spadano, J. L., & Dietz, W. H. (2002). Relation of body composition,
parental overweight, pubertal stage and race-ethnicity to energy expenditure among
premenarcheal girls.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 1040–1047.
Bratteby, L.-E., Sandhagen, B., Fan, H., & Samuelson, G. (1997). A 7-day activity diary for
assessment of daily energy expenditure validated by the doubly labelled water method in
adolescents.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 585–591.
Carlsohn, A., Scharhag-Rosenberger, F., Cassel, M. Weber, J., de Guzman Guzman, A., & Mayer,
F. (2011). Physical activity levels to estimate the energy requirement of adolescent athletes.
Pediatric Exercise Science, 23, 261–269.
Corder, K., Brage, S., Wright, A., Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Yamuna, A., et al. (2010).
Physical activity energy expenditure of adolescents in India.Obesity, 18, 2212–2219.
Craig, S. B., Bandini, L. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Schaefer, E. J., & Dietz, W. H. (1996). The
impact of physical activity on lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure in preadolescent girls.
Pediatrics, 98, 389–395.
Delany, J. P., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D. W., & Volafova, J. (2002). Energy expenditure in
preadolescent African American and White boys and girls: The Baton Rouge Children’s Study.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75, 705–713.
Dugas, L. R., Ebersole, K., Schoeller, D., Yanovski, J. A., Barquera, S., Rivera, J., et al. (2008).
Very low levels of energy expenditure among pre-adolescent Mexican-American girls.
International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 3, 123–126.
Ekelund, U.,Åman, J., Yngve, A., Renman, C., Westerterp, K., & Sjöström, M. (2002). Physical
activity but not energy expenditure is reduced in obese adolescents: A case-control study.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 935–941.
Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Brage, S., Westerterp, K., & Sjöström, M. (2004). Body movement and
physical activity energy expenditure in children and adolescents: How to adjust for differences
in body size and age.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 851–856.


98 R.M. Malina et al.

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