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Table 9.2 Biomarkers of dietary exposure or nutritional status

Biomarker of exposure or status

Vitamin

Vitamin A Plasma or serum retinol: retinol binding protein

B vitamins

Riboflavin Plasma FAD

Niacin Erythrocyte NAD

B6 Plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate

Folate Plasma folate

Serum red blood cell (RBC) folate

B12 Plasma B12

Vitamin C Serum ascorbate, dihydroascorbate

Vitamin D Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Vitamin E PlasmaαorΥtocopherol

Vitamin K Plasma vitamin K

Mineral

Copper Platelet copper

Iron Serum iron, total iron binding capacity

Magnesium Erythrocyte magnesium, serum magnesium

Selenium Plasma or toenail selenium

Phytochemicals

Carotenoids Serum or plasma carotenoids

Soy isoflavones Urinary or plasma genistein, daidzein

Resveratrol Urinary anthocyanins

Flavonols Urinaryflavonols

Table 9.3 Functional biomarkers of diet exposure or nutritional status

Nutrient Functional Biomarker of Exposure or Status

Fiber Fecal short-chain fatty acids

B vitamins

Riboflavin Erythrocyte Glutathione Reductase Activation Coefficient (EGRAC)

B6 Erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase

Folate Plasma homocysteine

Vitamin C Urine deoxypyridinoline

Vitamin E LDL oxidation, breath pentane, ethane platelet adhesion

Vitamin K Plasma prothrombin time

Mineral

Calcium Serum osteocalcin, bone mass/density

Copper Erythrocyte Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Iron Serum ferritin, transferrin saturation

Selenium Plasma glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity

Zinc Erythrocyte metallothionein

9 Biomarkers of Diet and Nutritional Health 179