application of laboratory robots for fast and reproducible results were already
developed.^76
5 Application of Proteomics for Early Disease Diagnosis,
Treatment and Follow-Up of the Recovery Process
As stressed above, recent advances in high-throughput “omics” technologies enable
the personalized evaluation of complete genome and a big part of the proteome and
metabolome in a single experiment.^77 Results of these evaluations provide new
methods for identifying biological factors and pathological changes during a
disease process. Integration of all “omics,” together with other clinical findings,
allows cancer researchers to address questions about the mechanism of specific
disease characters. The fetched sets that contain thousands of genomic, proteomic,
and metabolomic data can be further analyzed using biostatistical methods and to
address new questions that should be topics of further investigations.
As demonstrated above and also shown by Chen et al.^78 and Forler et al.,^79 with
the comprehensive cataloging of human genes and determination of the links
between particular disease and individual’s genomics, transcriptomics, and prote-
omics profile, the future of medicine looks toward personalized medicine
approaches to cure diseases (“from bed to the laboratory” strategy). By use of
arrays that can profile gene and protein expression, it became possible to define
genomic signatures related to diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction (probability to
response to therapy) and also to follow the recovery process.^80 Most of these results
were obtained in the field of cancer research,^81 but newly these techniques were
applied for personalized diagnosis and prognosis of other diseases, e.g., diabetes or
cardiovascular disorders.^82 Proteomics-based investigations lead to direct exami-
nation of the molecular machinery of pathological changes in the cell. This includes
determination of the protein expression by quantitative proteomics, character-
ization of the sequence variations and protein isoforms, and protein–protein inter-
actions (“interactome,” see Forler et al.^83 ). In the “omics cascade,” proteomics
technology gives the information “what makes it happen” in the cell, organ, or the
whole organism in a particular moment or condition. It is the advantage over
(^76) Breen et al. ( 2012 ), pp. S89–S100.
(^77) Chan et al. ( 2012 ), p. A16530.
(^78) Chan et al. ( 2012 ), p. A16530.
(^79) Forler et al. ( 2014 ), pp. 56–61.
(^80) Wang et al. ( 2014 ), pp. 155–160.
(^81) Koomen et al. ( 2008 ), pp. 1780–1794.
(^82) Ponten et al. ( 2011 ), pp. 428–446; Forler et al. ( 2014 ), pp. 56–61; Vidal et al. ( 2011 ),
pp. 986–998.
(^83) Forler et al. ( 2014 ), pp. 56–61.
The Role of Proteomics in Personalized Medicine 193