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(Marcin) #1

  • Part I: Islands as Natural Laboratories Preface and acknowledgements v

    • 1 The natural laboratory paradigm

    • 2 Island environments

      • 2.1 Types of islands

      • 2.2 Modes of origin

        • Plate boundary islands

        • Islands in intraplate locations



      • 2.3 Environmental changes over long timescales

        • Changes in relative sea level—reefs, atolls, and guyots

        • Eustatic changes in sea level

        • Climate change on islands

        • The developmental history of the Canaries, Hawaii, and Jamaica



      • 2.4 The physical environment of islands

        • Topographic characteristics

        • Climatic characteristics

        • Water resources

        • Tracks in the ocean



      • 2.5 Natural disturbance on islands

        • Magnitude and frequency

        • Disturbance from volcanism and mega-landslides



      • 2.6 Summary



    • 3 The biogeography of island life: biodiversity hotspots in context

      • 3.1 Introduction: the global significance of island biodiversity

      • 3.2 Species poverty

      • 3.3 Disharmony, filters, and regional biogeography

        • Filtering effects, dispersal limits, and disharmony

        • Biogeographical regionalism and the vicariance/dispersalism debate

        • Macaronesia—the biogeographical affinities of the Happy Islands



      • 3.4 Endemism

        • Neo- and palaeoendemism

        • Endemic plants

        • Endemic animals



      • 3.5 Cryptic and extinct island endemics: a cautionary note

      • 3.6 Summary





  • Part II: Island Ecology

    • 4 Species numbers games: the macroecology of island biotas

      • 4.1 The development of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography

        • Island species–area relationships (ISARs)

        • Species abundance distributions

        • The distance effect

        • Turnover, the core model (EMIB), and its immediate derivatives



      • 4.2 Competing explanations for systematic variation in island species–area relationships

      • 4.3 Island species numbers and ISARs: what have we learnt?

        • Area and habitat diversity

        • Area is not always the first variable in the model

        • Distance and species numbers

        • Species–area relationships in remote archipelagos

        • Scale effects and the shape of species–area relationships

        • richness model? Species–energy theory—a step towards a more complete island species



      • 4.4 Turnover

        • Pseudoturnover and cryptoturnover

        • When is an island in equilibrium?

        • The rescue effect and the effect of island area on immigration rate

        • The path to equilibrium

        • What causes extinctions?



      • 4.5 Summary



    • 5 Community assembly and dynamics

      • 5.1 Island assembly theory

        • Assembly rules

        • Incidence functions and tramps

        • The dynamics of island assembly

        • Chequerboard distributions

        • Combination and compatibility—assembly rules for cuckoo-doves

        • Criticisms, ‘null’ models, and responses

        • Exploring incidence functions

        • Linking island assembly patterns to habitat factors

        • Anthropogenic experiments in island assembly: evidence of competitive effects?



      • 5.2 Nestedness

      • 5.3 Successional island ecology: first elements

      • 5.4 Krakatau—succession, dispersal structure, and hierarchies

        • Background

        • Community succession

        • A dispersal-structured model of island recolonization

        • Colonization and turnover—the dynamics of species lists

        • The degree of organization in the Krakatau assembly process



      • 5.5 Concluding observations

      • 5.6 Summary



    • 6 Scale and island ecological theory: towards a new synthesis

      • 6.1 Limitations of the dynamic equilibrium model of island biogeography: a reappraisal

      • 6.2 Scale and the dynamics of island biotas

        • Krakatau Residency and hierarchical interdependency: further illustrations from



      • 6.3 Forms of equilibria and non-equilibria

      • 6.4 Temporal variation in island carrying capacities

        • The prevalence and implications of intense disturbance events

        • Variation in species number in the short and medium term

        • Long term non-equilibrium systems

        • Implications for endemics?



      • 6.5 Future directions

      • 6.6 Summary





  • Part III: Island Evolution

    • 7 Arrival and change

      • 7.1 Founder effects, genetic drift, and bottlenecks

        • Implications of repeated founding events



      • 7.2 After the founding event: ecological responses to empty niche space

        • Ecological release

        • Density compensation



      • 7.3 Character displacement

      • 7.4 Sex on islands

        • Dioecy and outcrossing

        • Loss of flower attractiveness

        • Anemophily

        • Parthenogenesis

        • Hybridization



      • 7.5 Peculiarities of pollination and dispersal networks on islands

        • The emergence of endemic super-generalists

        • Unusual pollinators

        • Unusual dispersal agents



      • 7.6 Niche shifts and syndromes

        • The loss of dispersal powers

        • The development of woodiness in herbaceous plant lineages

        • Size shifts in island species and the island rule

        • Changes in fecundity and behaviour

        • The island syndrome in rodents



      • 7.7 Summary



    • 8 Speciation and the island condition

      • 8.1 The species concept and its place in phylogeny

      • 8.2 The geographical context of speciation events

        • Distributional context

        • Locational and historical context—island or mainland change?



      • 8.3 Mechanisms of speciation

        • Allopatric or geographical speciation

        • Competitive speciation

        • Polyploidy



      • 8.4 Lineage structure

      • 8.5 Summary



    • 9 Emergent models of island evolution

      • 9.1 Anagenesis: speciation with little or no radiation

      • 9.2 The taxon cycle

        • Melanesian ants

        • Caribbean birds

        • Caribbean anoles

        • Evaluation



      • 9.3 Adaptive radiation

        • Darwin’s finches and the Hawaiian honeycreeper-finches

        • Hawaiian crickets and drosophilids

        • Adaptive radiation in plants



      • 9.4 From valley isolates to island-hopping radiations

        • Non-adaptive radiation

        • Speciation within an archipelago

        • to habitats? Island-hopping allopatric radiations: do clades respond to islands or

        • Island-hopping on the grand scale



      • 9.5 Observations on the forcing factors of island evolution

      • 9.6 Variation in insular endemism between taxa

      • 9.7 Biogeographical hierarchies and island evolutionary models

      • 9.8 Summary





  • Part IV: Islands and Conservation

    • 10 Island theory and conservation

      • 10.1 Islands and conservation

      • 10.2 Habitats as islands

      • 10.3 Minimum viable populations and minimum viable areas

        • How many individuals are needed?

        • How big an area?

        • Applications of incidence functions



      • 10.4 Metapopulation dynamics

        • The core–sink model variant

        • Deterministic extinction and colonization within metapopulations

        • Value of the metapopulation concept



      • 10.5 Reserve configuration—the ‘Single Large or Several Small’ (SLOSS) debate

        • Dealing with the leftovers

        • Trophic level, scale, and system extent



      • 10.6 Physical changes and the hyperdynamism of fragment systems



    • 10.7 Relaxation and turnover—the evidence

    • 10.8 Succession in fragmented landscapes

    • 10.9 The implications of nestedness

    • 10.10 Edge effects

    • 10.11 Landscape effects, isolation, and corridors

      • The benefits of wildlife corridors

      • The benefits of isolation

      • Corridors or isolation?

      • Reserve systems in the landscape

      • Species that don’t stay put



    • 10.12 Does conservation biology need island theory?

      • A non-equilibrium world?

      • Ecological hierarchies and fragmented landscapes

      • Climate change and reserve systems



    • 10.13 Concluding remarks: from island biogeography to countryside biogeography?

    • 10.14 Summary



  • 11 Anthropogenic losses and threats to island ecosystems

    • 11.1 Current extinctions in context

    • 11.2 Stochastic versus deterministic extinctions

    • 11.3 The scale of island losses globally

    • 11.4 The agencies of destruction

      • Predation by humans

      • Introduced species

      • Disease

      • Habitat degradation and loss



    • 11.5 Trends in the causes of decline

    • 11.6 A record of passage—patterns of loss across island taxa

      • Pacific Ocean birds and the Easter Island enigma

      • Indian Ocean birds

      • Reptiles

      • Caribbean land mammals

      • Island snails

      • Plants in peril



    • 11.7 How fragile and invasible are island ecosystems?

    • 11.8 Summary



  • 12 Island remedies: the conservation of island ecosystems

    • 12.1 Contemporary problems on islands

      • Maldives: in peril because of climatic change

      • rocky outcrop Okino-Tori-Shima: the strategic economic importance of a

      • Nauru: the destruction of an island

      • The Canaries: unsustainable development in a natural paradise

      • evolutionary showcase Contemporary problems in the Galápagos: a threatened



    • 12.2 Some conservation responses

      • Biological control—a dangerous weapon?

      • Translocation and release programmes

      • Protected area and species protection systems: the Canarian example



    • 12.3 Sustainable development on islands: constraints and remedies

    • 12.4 Summary



  • Glossary

  • References

  • Index

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