Bibby, C. J. (1995). Recent past and future extinctions in
birds. In Extinction rates(ed. J. H. Lawton and R. M. May),
pp. 98–110. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bierdermann, R. (2003). Body size and area–incidence
relationships: is there a general pattern? Global Ecology
and Biogeography, 12 , 381–387.
Blackburn, T. M., Cassey, P., Duncan, R. P., Evans, K. L.,
and Gaston, K. J. (2004). Avian extinctions and mam-
malian introductions on oceanic islands. Science, 305 ,
1955–1958.
Blackburn, T. M. and Duncan, R. P. (2001). Establishment
patterns of exotic birds are constrained by non-random
patterns in introduction. Journal of Biogeography, 28 ,
927–939.
Blake, J. G. (1991). Nested subsets and the distribution of
birds on isolated woodlots. Conservation Biology, 5 ,
58–66.
Blondel, J. (1985). Breeding strategies of the Blue Tit and
Coal Tit (Parus) in mainland and island Mediterranean
habitats: A comparison. Journal of Animal Ecology, 54 ,
531–556.
Blondel, J. and Aronson, J. (1999). Biology and wildlife of
the Mediterranean Region. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
Bodmer, R. E., Eisenberg, J. F., and Redford, K. H. (1997).
Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian
mammals.Conservation Biology, 11 , 460–466.
Boecklen, W. J. (1986). Effects of habitat heterogeneity on
the species–area relationships of forest birds. Journal of
Biogeography, 13 , 59–68.
Boecklen, W. J. and Gotelli, N. J. (1984). Island biogeo-
graphic theory and conservation practice: species–area
or specious–area relationships? Biological Conservation,
29 , 63–80.
Boggs, C. L. and Murphy, D. D. (1997). Community com-
position in mountain ecosystems: climatic determinants
of montane butterfly distributions. Global Ecology and
Biogeography Letters, 6 , 39–48.
Böhle, U.-R., Hilger, H. H., and Martin, W. F. (1996). Island
colonization and evolution of the insular woody habit
inEchiumL. (Boraginaceae). Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the USA, 93 , 11740–11745.
Borgen, L. (1979). Karyology of the Canarian flora. In
Plants and islands(ed. D. Bramwell), pp. 329–346.
Academic Press, London.
Borges, P. A. V., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Frias Martins, A,
Silva L., and Vieira, V. (eds.) (2005). A list of the terrestrial
fauna (Mollusca and Arthropoda) and flora (Byrophyta,
Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) from the Azores. Direcçao
Regional de Ambiente and Universidade dos Açores,
Horta.
Bramwell, D. (1972). Endemism in the flora of the Canary
Islands. In Taxonomy, phytogeography and evolution(ed.
D. H. Valentine) pp. 141–159. Academic Press, London.
Bramwell, D. (ed.) (1979). Plants and islands. Academic
Press, London.
Bramwell, D. and Bramwell, Z. I. (1974). Wild flowers of the
Canary Islands. Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham.
Bravo, T. (1962). El Circo de las Cañadas y sus dependen-
cias.Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia
Natural, 60 , 93–108.
Brochmann, C., Rustan, O. H., Lobin, W., and Kilian, N.
(1997). The endemic plants of the Cape Verde Islands,
W. Africa. Sommerfeltia, 24 , 1–356.
Bromham, L. and Woolfit, M. (2004). Explosive radiations
and the reliability of molecular clocks: island endemic
radiations as a test case. Systematic Biology, 53 , 758–766.
Brooks, T. and Balmford, A. (1996). Atlantic forest extinc-
tions.Nature, 380 , 115.
Brooks, T. M., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da
Fonseca, G. A. B., Rylands, A.B., Konstant, W. R. Flick,
P., Pilgrim, J., Oldfield, S., Magin, G., and Hilton-Taylor,
C. (2002) Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of
biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 16 , 909–923.
Brooks, T. M., Pimm, S. L., and Collar, N. J. (1997).
Deforestation predicts the number of threatened birds in
insular Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology, 11 , 382–394.
Brooks, T. M., Pimm, S. L., and Oyugi, J. O. (1999). Time
lag between deforestation and bird extinction in trop-
ical forest fragments. Conservation Biology, 13 , 1140–1150.
Brothers, T. S. and Spingarn, A. (1992). Forest fragmentation
and alien plant invasion of Central Indiana old-growth
forests. Conservation Biology, 6 , 91–100.
Brown, J. H. (1971). Mammals on mountaintops: nonequi-
librium insular biogeography. American Naturalist, 105 ,
467–478.
Brown, J. H. (1981). Two decades of homage to Santa
Rosalia: toward a general theory of diversity. American
Zoologist, 21 , 877–888.
Brown, J. H. (1986). Two decades of interaction between
the MacArthur–Wilson model and the complexities of
mammalian distribution. Biological Journal of the Linnean
Society, 28 , 231–251.
Brown, J. H. (1995). Macroecology. Chicago University
Press, Chicago.
Brown, J. H. (1999). Macroecology: progress and prospect.
Oikos, 87 , 3–13.
Brown, J. H. and Gibson, A. C. (1983). Biogeography.
Mosby, St Louis.
Brown, J. H. and Kodric-Brown, A. (1977). Turnover rates
in insular biogeography: effect of immigration on
extinction.Ecology, 58 , 445–449.REFERENCES 353