A-tramp categories 110
abiotic forces 239
Acacia melanoxylon(tree) 317
Accipiter gentilis(goshawk) 286
Achatina(snail) 315
Achatinella(land snail) 225, 315
Acrocephalus familiaris(millerbird) 299
actual evapotranspiration (AET) 97
adaptive differences 200
adaptive landscapes 205
adaptive radiation 5, 217–30, 235, 239
Darwin’s finches and Hawaiian honeycreeper-finches
219–25
emergent models of evolution 208, 230, 233, 234, 243,
245, 247, 248
Hawaiian crickets and drosophilids 225–8
island-hopping allopatric radiations 233–7
island-hopping on grand scale 237–8
non-adaptive radiation 230
plants 228–30
speciation within an archipelago 230–3
Adeje (Canary islands) 28, 29
Aegean islands 230
Aegithalos(tit) 258, 275
Aeonium62, 66, 180, 228, 229, 234, 235, 237
Aepyornis maximus(bird) 306, 313
Africa and islands 186, 285
African Great Lakes 231
African rift valley 293
Agadir (Morocco) 60
Aglycyderidae 201
agricultural base, narrow 338
agricultural land, lack of 338
Aichryson66, 228, 229
Aigrettes, Ile aux (Mauritius) 180
Akialoa 223
Åland islands 122, 147–8
Albinaria(land snail) 230
Aldabra atoll 68, 181, 186, 332
Alegranza (Canary islands) 29, 231
Aleutia Islands 27
Alisinidendron 236
allopatry/allopatric 199, 201, 207, 228, 229
distributions 196
phase 248
populations 224–5
radiations, island–hopping 233–7
allopolyploid species 205
allozymes 169–70
altitudinal zones, contraction/telescoping of 34
Amaranthaceae 184
Amazona(parrot) 255–6, 339, 340
Amereiva polyps(lizard) 189
American warblers 122
amphibians 296
Amsterdam Island 238, 313
anacladogenesis 206, 207, 208
Anaga (Canary islands) 28, 29
anagenesis 204, 206, 207, 208–9, 248
Anak Krakatau 105, 132, 141, 143, 154
Anas(duck) 183, 313
Andropogon virginicus 320
Anegada 314
anemophily 178
angiosperms 65, 66, 97, 98, 206, 240
Anguilla 215, 216
anoline lizards 59, 68, 176, 179, 215–17, 234, 240
Anseranas semipalmata(goose) 282
Anthophora allouardii(bee) 180
anthropogenic changes 152–3
anthropogenic experiments: competitive effects 125–6
anthropogenic losses and threats to ecosystems
290–322
Caribbean land mammals 314–15
decline, trends in causes of 302–5
disease 300–2
extinctions, current 290–1
fragility and invasibility 320–1
habitat degradation and loss 302
Indian Ocean birds 312–13
introduced species 295–300
island losses, scale of globally 292–5
Pacific Ocean birds and Easter Island enigma 307–12
plants 316–20
predation by humans 295
reptiles 313–14
snails 315–16
stochastic versus deterministic extinctions 291–2383