hierarchies 245–7
insular endemism between taxa, variation in 240–5
see alsoadaptive radiation; taxon cycle
Exclusive Economic Zones 324, 338
exotics, introduction of 322
extinct island endemics 71–3
extinction 85
anthropogenic losses and threats to ecosystems 293
causes 104–6
community assembly and dynamics 120, 127, 129, 138,
140, 141
current 290–1
curves 149
debt 8, 269, 272, 291
deterministic 262–3, 291–2
differential 275
emergent models of evolution 237, 244
events, mass 290
final 292
island theory and conservation 256, 259–60, 269–71,
276, 284–5, 288–9
local species 292
scale and ecological theory 152, 154, 155, 158–9,
161, 162
species numbers 84, 86, 99, 102, 106
stochastic 262, 291–2
see alsoextinction rates
extinction rates 85
community assembly and dynamics 118, 119,
130, 137
island theory and conservation 255, 264, 266, 274
species numbers 100, 101, 103, 104, 105
Fabaceae 67
Faial–Pico fusion 233
Falco(bird) 116, 191, 286
Falkland islands 50
Faray (Orkneys) 168
Farne Islands 101
Farquhar Group 55
faunal drift 169
fecundity, changes in 190–2
fence effect 193
Fernandina (Galápagos islands) 219–20, 233
ferns 50, 131, 133, 134, 135, 141–2, 240–1
Ficus(fig) 133, 136, 197
fig wasps 170, 179
Fiji 12, 69, 172, 209, 219, 298, 332
filtering effects 50–2, 289
finches 173–4, 197
Laysan 160, 177, 240
see alsoGalápagos islands finches; Hawaii
honeycreeper-finches
Fringilla(chaffinch) 191
Finland islands 118
fire regimes 268, 275
Fitchia183, 318
fitness 253
flightless birds 182–3, 188, 189, 190, 306, 307,
308–9, 313
flightless insects 93, 182, 225–8, 245
flightless rails 71, 173, 294
floras 152
Flores (Azores) 61, 180
Flores (Indonesia) 187
Florida and islands 273
Florida Keys 103, 267
flower attractiveness, loss of 178
fluctuating asymmetry 254
flux of nature paradigm 253, 283
flycatchers 122
flying fox (fruit) bats 69, 160–1, 295
food chain links 189
forcing factors of evolution 238–40
forest 135, 136, 270–1, 287
closure 133
fragmentation 269
succession 149
founder effects 167–72, 184, 188, 209, 214, 218
founder events 203, 233, 246
founder principle 167, 194
Fragaria chiloensis 177
fragility of ecosystems 320–1
fragmentation/fragmented:
forest system 254
island theory and conservation 266, 270, 271, 274, 283,
284, 289
landscapes 285–6
landscapes and succession 274–6
states 338
systems, physical changes and hyperdynamism
of 268–9
Frankia 319
Fraxinus uhdei(ash) 319
freshwater bodies, islands occurring in 11
Fringilla(chaffinch) 203, 235
Frisian Islands 12
frogs 189, 219, 266
fruit bats 72, 74, 135, 148–9, 160–1, 173, 295, 304
see alsoflying fox
fruit flies 201
fruit-pigeons 136, 149
Fuerteventura (Canary islands) 21, 27–8, 29, 43, 171
anthropogenic losses and threats to
ecosystems 299
biodiversity ‘hotspots’ 60
emergent models of evolution 231
Ramsar Convention wetland (El Matorral) 333INDEX 389