emergent models of evolution 218–19, 227, 234–7,
239–40, 241, 242–3, 245, 247–8
eruptions 41
honeycreeper finches 68, 93, 209, 217, 219–25, 240, 328
island environments 13, 15, 19, 20–1, 32, 37, 42, 43
plants 177
scale and ecological theory 152, 153
speciation and island condition 198, 201, 203
species numbers 93
Hedera 237
Hegeter(beetle) 234
Helianthemum 230
Hemignathus 223
Henderson Island 24, 72, 312, 322
herbaceous plant lineages, woodiness in 184–6
herbs 297
hermaphroditic plants 177
Hermes Reef 177
Hesperomannia(plant) 234
Heteralocha acutirostris(huia) 295
hierarchical interdependency 148–9
hierarchies 245–7, 285–6
high-S (sedentary) species 108, 110, 143
Himatione sanguinea(apapane) 223–4
hippopotami 188
Hispaniola 214, 234, 314
historical context and speciation 201–2
hominids, dwarf 187
Homo erectus 187
Homo floresiensis 187
Homoptera 327
honey bee 299
Hoplodactylus(gecko) 181
horses 307, 317
‘hotspots’ 4, 5, 46–74, 333
biodiversity, global significance of 46–9
cryptic and extinct island endemics 71–3
filtering effects, dispersal limits and disharmony 50–2
island environments 13–14, 16, 19, 21, 22, 29
Macaronesia: Happy Islands 60–3
regionalism and vicariance/dispersalism debate 52–60
species poverty 49–50
see alsoendemism/endemic
human activity 290, 291–2
hurricanes 39–41, 156–7, 255–6
Hybiscadelphus 236
hybridization 179, 194, 196, 197, 206, 207
emergent models of evolution 230, 240
with native species 300
see alsointrogressive hybridization
hyperdynamism of fragment systems 268–9
Hypochaeris radicata 183
Iceland 13, 15, 19, 42
icelandic eruptions 41
Icterus oberi(oriole) 256
Ilex 237
immigration:
community assembly and dynamics 120, 127, 129,
136, 140
curves 149
filters 119
immigration rates
island theory and conservation 269
scale and ecological theory 155
selection 183
species numbers 84, 85–6, 92, 99, 103
supplementary 102
see alsoimmigration rates
immigration rates:
community assembly and dynamics 131, 137
and island area 102
island theory and conservation 264
scale and ecological theory 152, 154
species numbers 85, 100, 101, 104
Imperata cylindrica(grass) 133
inbreeding 253–4
incidence functions 88, 257–9, 288
community assembly and dynamics 108–10, 116,
118–22, 123–5
incidence patterns 120–1
incidence rules 112
Indian Ocean and islands 56
anthropogenic losses and threats to ecosystems
320, 322
arrival and change 186
biodiversity ‘hotspots’ 69
birds 312–13
conservation of ecosystems 323
emergent models of evolution 237–8
Indian subcontinent 14
individual scale 147, 164
individuals, numbers necessary 253–7
Indonesia and islands 19, 35, 209, 337
insects 65, 67–8, 218, 293, 296, 317
see alsoflightness insects
intense disturbance events 156–7
Interagency Spotted Owl Scientific
Committee 260
intercontinental trade 321
International Union for the Conservation of Nature 271,
284, 295
protected areas model 333, 334
Red List assessment (1997) 316
intraplate islands/clusters 16, 19, 20–2
introduced species 295–300
introgressive hybridization 168–9, 198, 224–5,
230, 300INDEX 391