0198566123.pdf

theory and conservation (cont.)
edge effects 276–8
habitat islands 252–3
hierarchies and fragmented landscapes 285–6
islands and conservation 251–2
isolation 279–81
metapopulation dynamics 259–63
minimum viable populations and minimum viable
areas 253–9
mobile species 282–3
nestedness 275–6
non-equilibrium world 283–5
physical changes and hyperdynamism of fragment
systems 268–9
relaxation and turnover 269–74
reserve configuration: Single Large or Several Small
(SLOSS) debate 263–8
reserve systems 281–2
succession in fragmented landscapes 274–6
thistles 102
Thousand Islands region 120, 121
threats to ecosystems seeanthropogenic losses and
threats to ecosystems
thrushes 301
tiger snakes 189–90
Tilia cordata(lime) 266
time-space scales 5
Timonius compressicaulis(tree) 133, 142
tit species 174–5
Tobago 122
Tolpis 62
Tonga 332
topographic characteristics 32
tourism 325–8, 329, 339, 340
Trachydosaurus rugosus(sleepy lizard) 169–70
tracks in the ocean 37
trade winds 35, 39
tramps 87, 108–10, 130–1, 143
see alsosupertramps
transition probabilities 113
translocation 331–3
tree crickets 67
tree lettuces 184
tree sunflowers 184
treecreeper 258
trees 135, 298
Trinidad 122
tripartite model of biogeography 162–3
Tristan da Cuhna 42, 50, 52, 182, 305
Trochetiopsis(tree) 201, 202
Troglodytes troglodytes(wren) 148, 158
trophic cascades 270, 322
trophic diversification 231
trophic level 266–8

true islands 10

Truk island 23

Tsavo National Park (Kenya) 286

tsunamis 43–4, 158

Tuamotus 69

Turdus merula(blackbird) 319

turnover 99–106, 269–74

community assembly and dynamics 144

equilibrium 101–2, 103–4

and equilibrium model of island biogeography (EMIB)

84–7

extinctions, causes of 104–6

heterogeneous 103, 104

homogeneous 103

island theory and conservation 255, 289

Krakatau 136–41

pseudo- and cryptoturnover 100–1

rate 85, 102

rescue effect and island area effect on immigration rate

102

scale and ecological theory 150–1, 154, 157, 158

species numbers 103, 106

types of islands 10–12

Tyrannidae 122

UNESCO designation systems 333

United States and islands 92, 257, 265, 275, 281, 286, 331

vadose zone 36

vagility, high 235

Vanuatu 84, 209, 339

community assembly and dynamics 115, 116, 117, 118

veil line 82

Venezuela 214

Vespula(wasp) 299

Vestiaria coccinea(i’iwi) 224

vicariance/dispersalism debate 4, 52–60

Victoria, Lake 240, 293

Vini australis(parrot) 332

Vipera berus(adder) 189

Virgin Islands 189

Visnea 62

Viverridae 18

volcanic eruptions 41–2

volcanic islands 3, 13, 32, 42

volcanism 22

vulcanian eruptions 42

Vulcano 42

Wallacea 47, 52–3

Wallacean shortfall 290

Wallace’s line 52, 54, 55

water:

fluxes 268

400 INDEX