Resistant Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease

363

hypertension treatment, 349
interventions and devices, 337
KDIGO recommendations, 290
lifestyle interventions, 239, 240
medical treatment, 248
MHT, 260
microglia, 95
monitoring and treatment issues, 344
mortality, 72
multiple detrimental mechanisms, 160
neurogenic pathways, 91
neurovascular compression, 92
(see Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA))
outcomes, 8
PATHWAY-2 study, 287
patient characteristics, 7–8
patient factors, 8
patients with high cardiovascular risk,
233–235
patients’ organizations, 241, 242
pharmaceutical reimbursement, 242
pharmacogenomics, 111
pharmacologic management, 350
physicians, 242–244
pressure natriuresis, 248
prevalence, 5–7, 72, 188
prevention and treatment in Europe and
the USA, 240–244
primary and secondary cardiovascular
disease, 249–251
pseudo-resistance, 260
pseudo-resistant hypertension, 234, 237–239
public health efforts, 235–237
public policy, 241, 242
RAAS, 249
refractory hypertension, 3, 260
renalase, 96
renal, cardiovascular/mortality events,
62, 63
renal and cardiovascular risk, 79, 80
renorenal reflexes, 94
risk factors, 78, 79, 233, 336
salt restriction, 248, 346
subclinical volume overload, 220
sympathetic overactivation, 161–163
target BP, 187
therapeutic failure, 3
therapy, 190, 191
thoracic bioimpedance, 220
treatment, 90, 220, 286, 287
triple therapy, 285
vascular disease and end-organ damage, 72
Rheos system, 318
Risk stratification, 81, 82

S

Salt. See Hypertension

Salt-resistant phenotype, 95

Salt restriction strategy, 266–268

Salt-sensitive hypertension, 94

Salt sensitivity, 262

Saluretic medication, 35

Scipione Riva Rocci mercury

sphygmomanometer, 139

Secondary hypertension, 188–190

Sensory afferent fibers, 308

Serum potassium, 223

Seventh Report of the Joint National

Committee 7 (JNC7), 4

Sleep apnea, 161

Sleep-disordered breathing, 196, 197, 205,

207, 211, 212

Sleep Heart Health Study, 197

Smad7 protein, 104

Snoring and daytime sleepiness, 203

Sodium intake

practical recommendations, 51

Sodium pump ligand, 108

Sodium retention, 129–130

Sphygmomanometer, 244

Spironolactone, 223, 350

Stanford Sleepiness Scale, 204

Steroids, 46

Study of Heart and Renal Protection

(SHARP), 32

Suboptimal therapy, 336

Sympathetic activation, RH, 153–156, 199

evidence, 152, 153

mechanisms

α1- and β-adrenergic blockers, 154

antihypertensive efficacy, 156

arterial baroreflex, 153

baroreceptor denervation, 153

baroreflex dysfunction, 154

calcium channel blockers

(amlodipine), 154

canine model, 156

chemoreflex activation, 156

chronic intermittent hypoxemia, 156

hyperinsulinemia, 156

neurohumoral mechanisms, 155

normotensive obese, 155

obesity, 156

obesity-related hypertension, 156

plasma NE concentration, 155

pleiotropic beneficial effects, 156

plethora, 156

prazosin and propranolol, 155

reflex control, 155

Index