111- Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Saeian K, et al. Temporal trends in disease outcomes
related to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm
Bowel Dis. 2011;17:976–83. - Biancone L, Onali S, Petruzziello C, et al. Cancer and immunomodulators in inflammatory
bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:674–98. - Pedersen N, Duricova D, Elkjaer M, et al. Risk of extra-intestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel
disease: meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1480–7. - Jess T, Horvath-Puho E, Fallingborg J, et al. Cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease
according to patient phenotype and treatment: a Danish population-based cohort study. Am
J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1869–76. - Kappelman MD, Farkas DK, Long MD, et al. Risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory
bowel diseases: a nationwide population-based cohort study with 30 years of follow-up evalu-
ation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(2):265–73 - Beaugerie L, Itzkowitz SH. Cancers complicating inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med.
2015;372:1441–52. - Nyboe Andersen N, Pasternak B, Basit S, et al. Association between tumor necrosis factor-
alpha antagonists and risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JAMA.
2014;311:2406–13. - Siegel CA, Marden SM, Persing SM, et al. Risk of lymphoma associated with combination
anti-tumor necrosis factor and immunomodulator therapy for the treatment of Crohn’s disease:
a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:874–81. - Osterman MT, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, et al. Increased risk of malignancy with adalim-
umab combination therapy, compared to monotherapy, for Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology.
2014;146(4):941–9. - Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiv-
ing thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study.
Lancet. 2009;374:1617–25. - Kotlyar DS, Osterman MT, Diamond RH, et al. A systematic review of factors that contrib-
ute to hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:36–41.e1. - Selvaraj SA, Chairez E, Wilson LM, et al. Use of case reports and the Adverse Event Reporting
System in systematic reviews: overcoming barriers to assess the link between Crohn’s disease
medications and hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma. Syst Rev. 2013;2:53. - Deepak P, Sifuentes H, Sherid M, et al. T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas reported to the FDA
AERS with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors: results of the REFURBISH
study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:99–105. - Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, et al. Drug therapies and the risk of malignancy in
Crohn’s disease: results from the TREAT Registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(2):212–23. - Kandiel A, Fraser AG, Korelitz BI, et al. Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory
bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut. 2005;54:1121–5. - Long MD, Herfarth HH, Pipkin CA, et al. Increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer in
patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:268–74. - Long MD, Martin CF, Pipkin CA, et al. Risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer
among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:390–399.e1. - Melmed GY, Spiegel BM, Bressler B, et al. The appropriateness of concomitant immuno-
modulators with anti-tumor necrosis factor agents for Crohn’s disease: one size does not fit all.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:655–9. - Khan N, Abbas AM, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Risk of lymphoma in patients with ulcerative
colitis treated with thiopurines: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology.
2013;145:1007–1015.e3. - Van Assche G, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, D’Haens G, et al. Withdrawal of immunosuppres-
sion in Crohn’s disease treated with scheduled infliximab maintenance: a randomized trial.
Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1861–8.
7 Concomitant Use of Immunosuppressive Therapy with Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)