227References
- Weinberg JM, Buchholz R. TNF-alpha inhibitors. Basel; Boston: Birkhäuser Verlag; 2006.
- Van Deventer SJ. Tumour necrosis factor and Crohn's disease. Gut. 1997;40:443–8.
- Mielke ME, Rosen H, Brocke S, et al. Protective immunity and granuloma formation are medi-
ated by two distinct tumor necrosis factor alpha- and gamma interferon-dependent T cell-
phagocyte interactions in murine listeriosis: dissociation on the basis of phagocyte adhesion
mechanisms. Infect Immun. 1992;60:1875–82. - Amiri P, Locksley RM, Parslow TG, et al. Tumour necrosis factor alpha restores granulomas
and induces parasite egg-laying in schistosome-infected SCID mice. Nature. 1992;356:604–7. - Kindler V, Sappino AP, Grau GE, et al. The inducing role of tumor necrosis factor in the devel-
opment of bactericidal granulomas during BCG infection. Cell. 1989;56:731–40. - Flynn JL, Goldstein MM, Triebold KJ, et al. IL-12 increases resistance of BALB/c mice to
mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol. 1995;155:2515–24. - Kappelman MD, Farkas DK, Long MD, et al. Risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory
bowel diseases: a nationwide population-based cohort study with 30 years of follow-up evalu-
ation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:265–73.e1. - Buoy AG, Yoo S, Alam M, et al. Distribution of skin type and skin cancer in organ transplant
recipients. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146:344–6. - Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Harris AR, et al. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer
in the United States, 2006. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146:283–7. - Jensen P, Hansen S, Moller B, et al. Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients
and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1999;40:177–86. - Lindelof B, Sigurgeirsson B, Gabel H, et al. Incidence of skin cancer in 5356 patients follow-
ing organ transplantation. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:513–9. - Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med.
2003;348:1681–91. - Long MD, Herfarth HH, Pipkin CA, et al. Increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer in
patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:268–74. - Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, et al. Extracolonic malignancies in inflammatory bowel dis-
ease. Cancer. 1991;67:2015–9. - Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, Frisch M, et al. Cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int
J Cancer. 1995;60:330–3. - Long MD, Kappelman MD, Pipkin CA. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in inflammatory bowel
disease: a review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:1423–7. - O’Donovan P, Perrett CM, Zhang X, et al. Azathioprine and UVA light generate mutagenic
oxidative DNA damage. Science. 2005;309:1871–4. - Kopylov U, Vutcovici M, Kezouh A, et al. Risk of lymphoma, colorectal and skin cancer in
patients with IBD treated with immunomodulators and biologics: a quebec claims database
study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:1847–53. - Chakravarty EF, Michaud K, Wolfe F. Skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor necrosis
factor inhibitors. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:2130–5. - Amari W, Zeringue AL, McDonald JR, et al. Risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in a national
cohort of veterans with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50:1431–9. - Mercer LK, Green AC, Galloway JB, et al. The influence of anti-TNF therapy upon incidence
of keratinocyte skin cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal results from the
British Society for Rheumatology biologics register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:869–74. - Singh S, Nagpal SJ, Murad MH, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an
increased risk of melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 2014;12:210–8. - Long MD, Martin CF, Pipkin CA, et al. Risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer
among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:390–399.e1.
13 Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors and Risks of Malignancy