Surgeons as Educators A Guide for Academic Development and Teaching Excellence

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In addition to physical models, there have also been virtual reality simulations
used in FRS to develop robotic skills. Robotic VR training has been dominated by
three validated platforms: Robotic Surgical Simulator (Simulated Surgical Systems,
Williamsville, NY), dV-Trainer (Mimic Technologies, Seattle, WA), and the da
Vinci Skills Simulator (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) [ 70 ]. The Robotic

a

c

b

Fig. 24.6 Validated PCNL model compatible with both fluoroscopy and ultrasound [ 167 ]. (a)
Practice of fluoroscopy guided PRA; (b) Puncture, C-arm at 20°; (c) Guidewire placement, C-arm
upright

24 Simulation in Surgery