An Environmental History of Wildlife in England 1650-1950

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elm 2, 22, 24, 46–7, 50, 129, 184
Ely 66
enchanters nightshade 53, 61
enclosure 5, 7, 42, 43 , 44, 57, 93, 102,
109, 122, 128, 130
of commons 26, 88–9, 95–101,
113, 119–20, 123, 128,
144, 176
of open fields 7, 45, 92, 104–5,
107 , 109–10, 126, 186
parliamentary 5, 92, 95, 96 ,
101, 103
Engels, F. 78
Epping Forest 157
Essex 32, 49, 55, 65, 97, 106–7, 131,
173, 183
European larch 12 see also larch;
Japanese larch
eutrophication 111–12
Evelyn, John 12, 120
Eversley, Lord 156
Exmoor 29
exotic fauna 149–52, 149
exotic trees and plants 62, 70, 85,
105, 130–1, 149, 167, 171,
176
bedding plants 130
garden trees 62, 127
herbaceous plants 130–1, 167, 171
exotics 11, 53, 189

fairy flax (Linum catharticum) 81
fallow deer 14–16, 190
false acacia 12
false oat-grass 167
fat hen (Chenopodium album) 53,
61, 179
fen violet (Viola persicifolia) 34
see also violet
fens 6, 19, 32–5, 65–6, 88, 98, 101–3,
146, 150–1, 157, 187
feral pigeons 166
ferns 24, 134–5, 177
floating water fern (Azolla
filiculoides) 131
forked spleenwort (Asplenium
septentrionale) 135
maidenhair fern 135
royal fern (Osmunda regalis) 135

fertilisers/fertilizers 94, 110–12, 140,

143, 184

feverfew 168

field clubs 133–4

field drains 92, 95, 99, 110, 140

field ponds 44, 110

field sports 122–6

field wormwood (Artemisia

campestris) 28, 154

fieldfare 177

fig trees 168

Finch, Jon 126

finches 23, 179 see also bullfinch;

chaffinch; goldfinch;

greenfinch

fingered speedwell (Veronica

triphyllus) 28, 154

firearms 68–70, 123–4, 136, 186

firewood 19, 21, 46–7, 49, 129

fish/fishing 34, 60, 70, 110, 112, 128,

132, 146, 161, 180

fish ponds 16, 63–5, 67, 69, 128

floating see meadows

floating sweet grass 182

fly ash see pulverized fuel ash

fodder crops 30, 40, 66, 91–2, 94,

100, 108–9

Forest of Dean 97

Forestry Commission 138, 144,

152, 184

forests, royal 14–15, 20–2, 29, 35, 44,

56, 66–9, 88, 97, 124, 157

forked spleenwort (Asplenium

septentrionale) 135

fox 17, 53–6, 65, 112, 124–6,

148, 174

fox hunting 125–6, 148

France 26, 190

freshwater shrimps 161

frogs 83, 174

fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) 53, 61

fungi 24, 134, 150, 175, 187

gadwall 10

Game Act (1671) 68

gamekeepers 68–9, 124, 125 , 126,

148, 159

garden escapees 12, 167–8, 179,

182, 189