From the table we can see that, at the time of writing,^102 paternity has been assigned to 22 individ-
uals in the Sonso community. Magosi sired 4 of the 10 infants for which we have data during
the period when he was the alpha male (until mid-1995), while Duane has sired 4 of 16 offspring since
he became the alpha male in mid-1995. Reproductive success for these two periods is shown in
Table C.2.
As Table C.2 shows, the alpha male is not able to monopolize females when they are ovulating and
most likely to conceive. He may be mating with them around that time but other males are also mating
with them. They may have better timing than him, or more luck, or we may be seeing the results of
sperm competition rather than mating competition in these findings. Black sired 3 offspring in the
second period, compared with Duane’s 4. Black was third ranking male until Vernon disappeared in
June 1999, after which he became second ranking male. He was an aggressive individual, more so than
the other adult males and, as seen in Chapter 6, was aggressive in some of his sexual encounters and
may have succeeded in sequestering some females on safaris. Maani, often an alliance partner of Duane
250 Appendices
Table C.1: Sonso paternities in order of birth date
(mothers also shown).
Offspring Birth date Mother Father
Zefa 1982 Banura* Nkojo
Nick 1982 Ruhara Magosi
Kewaya 1983 Zimba Not assigned†
Bwoba 1987? Magosi
Gashom 1987? Nkojo
Gonza 1990 Zimba Magosi
Shida 1990 Banura Duane
Bob 1990 Ruda Not assigned†
Musa 1991 Nambi Magosi
Kato Sept 1993 Kutu Not assigned†
Hawa 1993 Harriet Kikunku
Bahati Dec 1994 Kalema Black
Kwezi Jan 1995 Kwera Muga
Zalu June 1995 Zana Not assigned†
Nora Feb 1996 Nambi Black
Rachel June 1997 Ruda Nkojo
Rachel June 1997 Ruda Nkojo
Mark 1997 Melissa Not assigned†
Zig June 1997 Zimba Magosi
Rose Nov 1997 Ruhara Duane
Keti Sept 1998 Kigere Duane
Kana Oct 1998 Kutu Black
Katia Dec 1998 Kewaya Kikunku
Janet Oct 1999 Janie Duane
Kumi Sept 2000 Kalema Duane
Karo Nov 2001 Kwera Maani
Clint Apr 2002 Clea Black* Probably Banura is the mother of Zefa but the genetic evidence is
incomplete.
†Not assigned: the offspring’s genotype is not compatible with any
Sonso male available for testing.(^102) October 2004.