174 W. A. VENDRAME AND A. A. KHODDAMZADEH
have been covered elsewhere. This review aims to provide an overview of the
current methods in biotechnology that are most directly applied to orchid pro-
duction and conservation, including advances in the latest technologies avail-
able, therefore focusing onin vitropropagation, bioreactor, synthetic seed, and
cryopreservation technologies.
KEYWORDS:bioreactor; conservation; cryopreservation;in vitrogermination;
in vitropropagation, synthetic seed
ABBREVIATIONS
2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2iP 2-Isopentenyl adenine
ACC 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
BA 6-Benzylaminopurine
BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation International
BTBB Balloon type bubble bioreactor
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research
Centers
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
GA 3 Gibberellic acid
IAA Indole-3-acetic acid
IBA Indole-3-butiric acid
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources
KC Knudson C culture medium
KIN Kinetin, 6-furfurylaminopurine
LM Lindemann culture medium
MPR Mitra–Prasad–Roychowdhary culture medium
MS Murashige and Skoog culture medium
MVW Modified Vacin and Went culture medium
NAA 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid
NDM New Dogashima culture medium
N&N Nitsch and Nitsch culture medium
NP New Phalaenopsis culture medium
PLB Protocorm-like body
PVS2 Pre-vitrification solution
SE Somatic embryo
TCL Thin cell layer
TDZ Thidiazuron, 1-Phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl) urea
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
VW Vacin and Went culture medium