- ORCHID BIOTECHNOLOGY 175
XER Ernst culture medium
ZEA Zeatin
I.INTRODUCTION
II.IN VITROPROPAGATION TECHNOLOGY
A.Concept
B.In VitroSeed Germination
C.Micropropagation
III.BIOREACTOR TECHNOLOGY
A.Concept
B.Bioreactor Technology for Orchid Production
IV.SYNTHETIC SEED TECHNOLOGY (SYNSEED)
A.Concept
B.Orchid Synthetic Seed
V.CRYOPRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY
A.Concept
B.Seeds
C.Protocorms
D.Pollen
E.Meristems and Shoot Apices
VI.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE CITED
I. INTRODUCTION
The Orchidaceae is one of the largest and most diversified families
of flowering plants including over 880 genera and 25,000 species dis-
tributed worldwide, with the largest diversity occurring in the trop-
ics (Givnish et al. 2015). The Royal Horticultural Society reports that
more than 110,000 hybrids have been generated over the last 150 years
(RHS 2015). Their ornamental appeal and medicinal value place them
among the most popular plants worldwide (Arditti 1992; Chugh et al.
2009).
The history of orchids is quite fascinating, going back to between
370 and 285 BCE. The Greek philosopher Theophrastus used the term
“orchis” in the manuscriptEnquiry into Plants, to describe one partic-
ular plant. The word orchid is a derivation of orchis meaning “testis”
because the orchid described had tubers that were similar to testicles
in shape (Reinikka 1995). Since then, the word orchid has been used to
define all species in the Orchidaceae and is generally associated with
the beauty, diversity, and uniqueness of their flowers.
Domestic orchid production has increased significantly during the
past 15 years mostly because of the expansion of the market associated
with greater demand for flowering plants, lower costs of production