personal communication). Currently, more
than 75% of all activities in commercial aug-
mentative biocontrol (expressed in monetary
value) take place in northern Europe and
North America. Emerging markets are those
of Latin America, South Africa,
Mediterranean Europe and Japan and Korea
in Asia. In addition to the commercial pro-
ducers, there are many natural-enemy pro-
duction units funded by the government,
such as in Brazil (40 facilities), China (many,
number unknown), Colombia (more than 204 J.C. van Lenteren
Table 1.1.Major species of biological control agents commercially available for pest control.
Biological control agent Pest species
Amblyseius(Neoseiulus)degeneransBerlese Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)
Thrips tabaci Lindeman
Aphelinus abdominalisDalman Macrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas)
Auleurocorthum solani Kaltenbach
Aphidius colemaniViereck Aphis gossypiiGlover
Myzus persicaeSulzer
Aphidius erviHalliday Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Aphidoletes aphidimyzaRondani Aphids
Chrysoperla carnea(Stephens) Aphids
Cryptoleamus montrouzieriMulsant Pseudococcidae, Coccidae
Dacnusa sibiricaTelenga Liriomyza bryoniae(Kaltenbach)
Liriomyza trifolii(Burgess)
Liriomyza huidobrensis(Blanchard)
Delphastus pusillus(LeConte) Whiteflies
Diglyphus isaeaWalker Liriomyza bryoniae
Liriomyza trifolii
Liriomyza huidobrensis
Encarsia formosaGahan Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)
Bemisiaspp.
Eretmocerus eremicusRose & Zolnerowich Bemisiaspp.
(formerlyE. californicus)
Eretmocerus mundusMercet Bemisiaspp.
Harmonia axyridis(Pallas) Aphids
Heterorhabditis megidisPoinar Otiorhynchus sulcatus(F.)
Hippodamia convergensGuerin-Meneville Aphids
Hypoaspis aculeifer(Canestrini) Rhizoglyphus echinopusFumouzze and
Robin, Sciaridae
Hypoaspis miles(Berlese) Rhizoglyphus echinopus, Sciaridae
Leptomastidea abnormisGirault Pseudococcidae
Leptomastix dactylopii(Howard) Planococcus citri(Risso)
Leptomastix epona(Walker) Pseudococcidae
Lysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson) Aphis gossypii
Macrolophus caliginosusWagner Whiteflies
Neoseiulus californicus(McGregor) Tetranychus urticaeKoch
Neoseiulus cucumeris(Oudemans) Frankliniella occidentalis
Thrips tabaci
Opius pallipesWesmael Liriomyza bryoniae
Orius insidiosusSay Thrips
Orius laevigatusFieber Thrips
Orius majusculusReuter Thrips
Phytoseiulus persimilisAthias-Henriot Tetranychus urticae
Steinernema feltiae(Filipjev) Sciaridae and two other spp.
Trichogramma evanescensWestwood Lepidoptera
Verticillium lecanii(A. Zimmerman) Viégas Whiteflies/aphids