Artificial rearing of natural enemies continued
genetic parameters of artificially reared
natural enemies 125–126
morphological parameters in artificial rearing
119
morphological abnormalities in artificial
rearing 120
quality control parameters for artificially
reared natural enemies 115–117,
118–126
size as quality control parameter in artificial
rearing 118
Aspergillus spp. 90, 156
Aspidiotus nerii 280
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials) 209–211, 212, 213, 217
Aulacorthum solani 172
Bacillus thuringiensis168, 247, 256, 258
Beauveria bassiana138, 143–144, 145, 146, 148, 156,
248, 253
Bemisiaspp. 172, 174, 288
B. argentifolii172, 174
B. tabaci 172, 174, 288
Biological control 1–2, 43, 53, 60–61, 67, 73, 74, 77,
83, 93–106, 167, 176–177, 181, 188,
191–202, 219, 231–233, 234–235, 235–236,
242–243, 249, 257, 265–267
augmentative biological control 1–2, 43, 73,
83, 191, 192, 231–234, 242–243
biological control agents seenatural enemies
classical biological control 74, 77, 83, 106, 191,
192, 231–232, 243
economics of citrus biological control, IPM and
chemical control 234–235
evolution of augmentative biological control
231–233
history of use and mass production of
Trichogramma235–236
importance of food for natural enemies 60–61,
67
inundative release method 2, 104–105, 106,
167, 181, 188, 219
molecular identification of biocontrol agents
249, 257
poor quality and failures in biocontrol
265–267
reasons for use of biological control 1
retention of natural enemy in target area 53
risks and risk assessment of biological control
191–202
seasonal inoculative release method 2, 104,
167, 181, 188, 219
taxonomy and biological control 236, 249
unisexual wasps in biological control
93–106
worldwide areas under biological control
176–177
worldwide use of biological control 1–2
Biological control agents seenatural enemies
Bioysia tristis96, 104
Bombus spp. 135, 137, 138, 155–157
B. fervidus 155
B. hypnorum 156
B. impatiens 155
B. lapidarius 156
B. melanupygus 155
B. pennsylvanicus 155
B. terristris 156
Brachymeria intermedia 117
Bracon mellitor 120
Bufo marinus 192CAB International 194
Candidaspp. 156
Capsicum annuum 292
Catolaccus grandis 120, 124, 125
Chilo partellus 150
Chromatomyia syngenesiae283, 285
Chrysoperla (Chrysopa) spp. 4, 12, 53, 119, 121, 122,
124, 143–144, 168, 171, 174, 178, 182, 183,
184, 186, 187, 208, 214, 268, 280–281
C. californica 143
C. carnea 4, 53, 119, 143–144, 168, 171, 174, 183,
186, 208
C. rufilabris 119, 124, 168, 171, 174, 208, 214
Chrysosporium pannorum 156
Cicubekka quinquepunctata 145, 146
Clausenia purpurea97, 104
Coccinellidae 137, 138, 144–148, 168
Coccinellaspp. 137, 138, 145–146, 168
C. septempunctata145–146, 168
C. transversalis, protozoal infection 145
Coccinellimermissp. 146
Coccobius fulvus103, 105
Coccophagus gurneyi 233
Cohliomyia hominivorax 23
Coleomegilla maculata 144, 146
Corcyra cephalonica 236
Cotesia (Apanteles) spp. 65, 126, 135, 137, 149, 150
C. flavipes126, 150
C. glomerata65, 149
C. marginiventris 149
C. melanoscelus 149
C. rubecula 149
Crithidia bombi156–157
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 4, 168, 171, 174, 178, 186,
208, 214, 231–232, 268, 282
Culex spp. 76–77, 82, 150
C. nigripalpus76–77, 82
C. pipiens 150
Cydia pomonella232, 301, 302316 Index