Ostrinia nubilalis155, 173, 235, 241–242, 265–267,
270, 300
Otiorhynchus sulcatus 176
Pachycrepoideus vindemiae 152
Paecilomyces spp. 144, 148, 156, 170
P. farinosus 156
P. fumoso-roseus144, 148
Panonychus citri 141
Pathogens of mass-produced natural enemies and
pollinators 12, 52, 133–158, 176, 220
causes of diseases in natural enemies and
pollinators 134–139
bacteria, infection process and
diagnostics 135–137
fungi, infection process and diagnostics
138
nematodes, infection process and
diagnostics 138
non-infectious diseases 134
protozoa, infection process and
diagnostics 137–138
viruses, infection process and
diagnostics 134–135
diagnostics of natural enemy diseases
134–138
disease transmission by natural enemies 220
entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, nematodes
and viruses 176
field-collected natural enemies and pathogen
screening 133
overview of pathogen presence in natural
enemies and pollinators 134
pathogen infections of natural enemies 12,
220
pathogen infection and reduced performance
52
pathogens of Bombuspollinators 155–157
bacteria 155–156
fungi 156
nematodes 157
protozoa 156
viruses 155
pathogens of entomopathogenic nematodes
139–140
fungi 139–140
protozoa 139
viruses 139
pathogens of parasitic insects (parasitoids)
148–155
bacteria 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154
fungi 148
protozoa 149, 150, 151–152, 153, 155
unidentified diseases 151, 153
viruses 149
pathogens of predatory insects 143–148
bacteria 144, 146, 147
fungi 143–148
nematodes 144, 146
protozoa 143–145
viruses 143
pathogens of predatory mites
bacteria 140, 141
fungi 141
protozoa 141, 142
unidentified diseases 141, 142
viruses 140, 141
screening for pathogen presence 133
side-effects of entomopathogens on natural
enemies 139
Pediobisus foveolatus153–154
Pelicinus polyturatur 99
Performance of natural enemy, 41, 52, 53–54, 65,
67, 74–75, 78–79, 102–103, 115, 126,
133–158, 218, 225, 229, 247, 252, 254, 267,
319
correlation between laboratory data and field
performance 319
decrease in field performance due to
laboratory rearing 78–79
erratic performance of natural enemies 41
field performance, definition 229
field performance and quality control 218,
225, 267
food deprivation and reduced host searching
67
honeydew and performance 65
managing environment to maximize
performance 53–54
measurement of field performance 74–75, 78
pathogen infection and reduced performance
of natural enemies 52, 133–158
disease infected P. persimilisand
performance 229
performance of artificially reared natural
enemies 115, 126
performance of fungal and viral biocontrol
agents 247, 252, 254
performance of sexual and unisexual wasps
in biological control 102–103
see alsonatural enemy, foraging behaviour
Perillus bioculatus119–120, 121, 123
Phaseolus vulgaris283, 285, 292, 298
Pheromones 53, 77
Philosomia cynthia 117
Phlebiopsis gigantea 248
Phryxe caudata 124
Phthorimaea (Gnorimoschema)operculella143, 236
Phytophthorasp. 234
Phytoseiulus persimilis2, 4, 5, 12, 135, 136, 137,
141–143, 170, 171, 175–176, 177, 186, 187,
207, 208, 212, 213, 214, 225–229, 268, 271,
297–298Index 323