natural resource use, 389
Nature Conservancy, 358, 371
Nazca plate, 20
nectar, 267
-foraging bats, 228
-foraging birds, 199
production, 268t
role in pollination, 250
nectaries, 250f, 277-278
neoteny, 76
nest building, 125
in bees, 136-137
in birds, 190-191
in eusocial wasps, 129
materials and locations, 192t
nest fidelity, 137
nest predation, 196-197, 229
nests
of mouse opposums, 235
sanitation, 214
Netherlands, The, 365, 367, 377
Nippon Kodomo no Jungle, 364
nitrates, in cloud water, 161
nitric oxides, 324, 325, 326, 328
nitrogen, 329, 331t, 342
availability, 332
in canopy and on forest floor, 322
content of soils, 35t
inorganic, 328
nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 72
nocturnal activity
of hymenopterans, 127
of scarab beetles, 111
noise, from hog farms, 415
nomadic phases, 133
Norops altae (Montane Anole), 158,
161
Norops intermedius (Gray Lichen
Anole), 158
Norops tropidolepsis (Cloud Forest
Anole), 158, 161
nortes, 308
nuclear species, 206, 207
nurse logs, 312
nutrient cycling, 320-335, 329
and deforestation, 393
nutrients
in fine litter, 333t
replenishment of, 342
in soils, 29
sources for epiphytes, 341
storage of, 315
use of, 339
nutrient starvation, in elfin forests, 304
Nycteribiidae, 123
Nyctomys sumichrasti (Sumichrast's
Vesper Rat), 237-238
Nymphalidae, 119-120
oaks, 26, 69, 248, 249
Ocelot. See Felis pardalis
Ocotea tenera, 266
fruit size, 260
seed dispersal, 290-291
Ocotea tonduzii, 316Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed
Deer), 225 f, 234
Odonata, 96, 97, 423
Oedipodinae, 98
Oligoryzomys fulvescens (Pygmy
Rice Mouse), 226, 22 7f, 241
Olingo. See Bassaricyon gabbii
Ophioninae, 127
opossums, 226
opportunistic breeding, 228
orchids, 45, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 69,
74-75, 258, 345, 428
biodiversity of, 424
pollination of, 249
resources for identification, 64
species in different cloud forests, 68
species list, 523-527
organic farming. See under
agriculture
organic matter, 315t, 321-322, 414
decomposition, 28-29
invertebrates in, 336-337
moisture content of, 316f
in soil, 27
Organization for Tropical Studies, 5,
11, 225, 303, 352, 359, 375,
431,446
history of research by, 11
Orthogeomys cherriei (Cherrie's
Pocket Gopher), 233
Orthoptera, 98-99
Oryzomys albigularis (Tome's Rice
Rat), 229
outbreeding
in beetles, 117
in treehoppers, 104
outdoor lighting, 112, 424
effect on nocturnal insects, 95
oviposition
in beetles, 112, 115, 117
in frogs and toads, 164-165
in transparent butterflies, 120
oxisols, 27Paca. See Agouti paca
Pacific Slope Forest, 41, 435-436
Paederinae, 108
paleoecology, 26-27
Palmer, Charles, 10
Palo Verde National Park, 44
Panax, 452
paper wasps, 129
parasites
of amphibians, 160
of birds, 197
and climate, 162
flies as, 122
plants as, 57-58
parasitoids, 124-125, 128, 277
distribution of, 127
loss of, 427
parental care
in bark beetles, 117
in birds, 191, 194-195, 208
in frogs and toads, 164pastures, 428
birds nesting in, 192t
burning of, 399, 411-412
management of, 398
and orchid conservation, 74
patterns of recolonization in
abandoned, 442-444
pests of, 391, 393, 395t, 409-410
Pecari tajacu (Collared Peccary), 234
peccaries, 234
Peck, Daniel, 390t
Penas Blancas, 90
peneplains, 22
Pennisetum clandestinum, 393, 395,
409
pensiones, 355
Perennial Groundnut. See Arachis
pintoi
Peromyscus nudipes (Deer Mouse;
Naked-footed Mouse), 241
as beetle host, 229
population dynamics of, 228
reproduction of, 238-239
Perryiinae, 125
pesticides, 403, 410
and dairy farming, 395
management of, 407
use in coffee production, 402
use in Santa Elena, 414
pests
biological control of, 390
management of, 397, 402
pasture, 391, 393, 395t
as threat to biodiversity, 420
pet trade, 198
Phaethornis guy (Green Hermit),
vocalizations of, 190
Pharomachrus mocinno
(Resplendent Quetzal), 43,
355, 358, 371, 426, 432, 435,
443
conservation of, 203
densities of, 195
diet breadth, 260
incubation in, 193
migration in, 184, 194, 263, 427,
439-442
nest predation, 229
phenology, 64-65, 401, 430. See also
flowering; fruiting
pheromones
alarm, 123
in scale insects, 105
Pholcidae, 140
Phoridae, 123-124
phosphates, in cloud water, 161
phosphorus, 329, 331t, 342, 391, 414
availability, 332
photoperiod, and reproduction, 227,
228
photosynthesis, effect of epiphyllous
plants on rate of, 80
photosynthetically active radiation,
309, 310
Phyllostomidae, 434-435569 Index