Innovations in Dryland Agriculture

175

Categories

Chemical molecules/compounds

Category/type/example of target insect pests of dry ecosystem

Mode of action

References

Other innovative insecticidesLight-activated insecticides/phototoxins

Furanocoumarines, alpha-terthienyl, polyecetyle, photooxidative dyes (compound of halogenated fluorescein series)

Mosquitoes, beetles, weevils, house flies

Inhibition of feeding, development of larval–pupal intermediates, failure to extricate from pupal case, deformed wings, reduced fecundity, reduced egg viability, direct mortality

Heitz and Downum (^1987

)

Propesticides

Carbosulfan, acephate, thiodicarb, cartap

Most sucking and chewing insects

Non-toxic in their actual form but highly toxic when metabolized inside the system of insects. Both contact and systemic, neuromuscular blocking agents, inhibition of synaptic transmission

Dhaliwal et

al.

(^2006

)

Avermectins (macrocyclic lactones)

Abamectin,

ivermectin

, selamectin

,

doramectin

Mites, insect pests

Acaricidal and insecticidal action, disrupt the action of both ligandated/

glutamate-

gated (GABA) and voltage-gated chloride channel causing an influx of chloride ions into the cells, leading to hyperpolarisation and subsequent paralysis

Dhaliwal et

al.

(^2006

)

Milbemycins (macrocyclic lactones)

Milbemycin

Mites and insect pests

Same as for avermectin

Lasota and Dybas (

1990

)

Spinosyns

Spinosad (mixture of spynosyn-A & D), spintoram

Coleopteran, Dipterans, Lepidopteran, Thysanoptrans

Contact and stomach poison; disruption of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Herbert (

2010

)

Insect-Pests in Dryland Agriculture and their Integrated Management