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Their application in a pest management program of any cropping system not only
guarantees environmental safety, and conservation of biodiversity, biological con-
trol and environmental quality but also highly supports the philosophy of IPM
approaches (Dhaliwal and Arora 2003 ; Pedigo 2003 ; Dhaliwal et al. 2006 ).
6 Conclusions and Future Research Thrusts
The growing population, overuse, pollution, tidal surges and competing interests are
degrading water resources globally. This will increase the area of dryland regions in
the coming decades. Therefore, enhancing crop productivity in agroecosystems par-
ticularly in dryland areas is essential to feed the future population. Insect pests in
dryland agroecosystems will be a major threat to crop production as they modify
themselves according to environmental conditions. Sustainable agriculture in dry-
land areas should be practiced by integrating modern, research-proven technologies
that are simple, cheap, easy-to-use and compatible with the respective regions.
Climate variability and change have become the main reasons for the increased
frequency of drought and its effect on crop planting times, growing season lengths,
shifts in crop type or cultivars, pest incidence and crop productivity. Climate change,
especially dry conditions, will affect the life-history traits of hosts and natural ene-
mies differently. These effects might be more noticeable on natural enemies as they
are at a higher trophic level. A better understanding of the behavioral, physiological
and functional adaptations of natural enemies to climate extremes, both at the spe-
cies and community level, will maximize the extent of natural regulation of insect
pests, particularly in dryland areas.
Other IPM options including cultural, mechanical, biorational, genetic and bio-
technological approaches with chemical control as a last resort should be tailored to
water-stressed conditions. Dryland systems are not in equilibrium, having multiple
thresholds and a diverse agricultural landscape, and often exhibit multiple ecologi-
cal and social ranks. Hence, the extrapolation of laboratory experiments and field-
simulating data, especially as they apply to arid environments, must be made with
reservation. In dryland cropping systems, multidimensional and multidisciplinary
research approaches, scientific/scientists and expert collaboration in long-term and
large-scale projects should be executed to tackle/solve the prevailing and emerging
plant production and protection issues.
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