Species

The Nineteenth Century, a Period of Change 127

Baron Cuvier: Fixed Forms and Catastrophes

Lamarck’s (and later Geoffroy’s) nemesis, Georges Leopold Chrétien Frédéric

Dagobert, Baron Cuvier (1769–1832), was by contrast a full-blooded species realist.

Not only were species real, they did not transmute from one to another. Species were

Worms. Infusorians.

Polyps.

Radiarians.

Insects.

Arachnids.

Crustaceans.

Annelids.

Cirrhipedes.

Molluscs.

Fishes.

Reptiles.

Birds.

Monotremes.

Amphibian mammals.

Cetacean mammals.

Ungulate mammals.

Unguiculate mammals.

TABLE

Showing the origin of the various animals.

B

FIGURE 4.1 (CONTINUED) Lamarck’s “tree.” The 1904 English version (B), showing

lines, may be confused as a tree of descent, but Lamarck intended the lines to indicate path-

ways along which new monads could develop.