Species

Species and the Birth of Modern Science 51

A

FIGURE 3.1 Representations of the Great Chain. A. Raymond Lull’s chain of being con-

ception as a stairway to heaven. The steps are: stone, ame, plant, animal, man, heaven,

angel, God. The image is not in the original manuscript versions of the 1304 edition of Liber

de ascensu et decensu intellectus, and was added in the 1512 printed version by Alonso

de Proaza. (Continued)