Produce Degradation Pathways and Prevention

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11

Role of Pesticides

in Produce Production,

Preservation, Quality,

and Safety

Katerinaˇ Masˇ tovská

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA

CONTENTS

11.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 342
11.2 Positive Impacts of Pesticide Use in Produce Production........................ 342
11.2.1 Insecticides.................................................................................. 345
11.2.1.1 Major Classes of Insecticides and Their Modes
of Action.................................................................... 345
11.2.1.2 Problems Caused by Insects in Produce
Production and Their Control by Insecticides.......... 347
11.2.2 Acaricides.................................................................................... 351
11.2.3 Nematicides................................................................................. 352
11.2.4 Molluscicides .............................................................................. 353
11.2.5 Fungicides ................................................................................... 354
11.2.5.1 Classification of Fungicides, Their Application
and Mode of Action .................................................. 354
11.2.5.2 Problems Caused by Fungi in Produce Production
and Their Control by Fungicides.............................. 357
11.2.6 Bactericides ................................................................................. 361
11.2.7 Herbicides ................................................................................... 361
11.2.7.1 Classification of Herbicides, Their Application
and Mode of Action .................................................. 362
11.2.7.2 Herbicide Selectivity ................................................. 367
11.2.8 Rodenticides and Avicides.......................................................... 368
11.2.9 Plant Growth Regulators............................................................. 368
11.2.10 Desiccants and Defoliants .......................................................... 371
11.3 Risks Associated with Pesticides and Strategies to Reduce Them .......... 371
11.4 Summary .................................................................................................... 373
References.............................................................................................................. 373