404 Produce Degradation: Reaction Pathways and their PreventionTABLE 12.5
Example of Outbreaks of Infections Epidemiologically Associated
with Raw Fruits and Vegetables
Microorganism Year Country Produce Ref.
Bacteria
Bacillus cereus 1973 U.S. Seed sprouts 167
Clostridium botulinum 1987 U.S. Cabbage 53
E. coli O157:H7 1995 U.S. Lettuce 168, 169
1997 Japan Radish sprouts 170
1997 U.S. Alfalfa sprouts 171
2001 Japan Fermented cabbage 172
2002 Japan Cucumber 173
E.coli (enterotoxigenic) 1993 U.S. Carrots 174
Listeria monocytogenes 1979 U.S. Celery, lettuce, tomato 175
1981 Canada Cabbage 176
Salmonella
Minami 1954 U.S. Watermelon 177
Typhimurium 1974 U.S. Apple cider 178
Saint-Paul 1988 UK Mungbean sprouts 49
Poona 1991 U.S./Canada Cantaloupes 48
Montevideo 1993 U.S. Tomatoes 157
Bovismorbificans 1994 Sweden/Finland Alfalfa sprouts 179
Stanley 1995 U.S. Alfalfa sprouts 180
Typhi 1998–99 U.S. Mamey 181
Mbandaka 1999 U.S. Alfalfa sprouts 182
Shigella flexneri 1998 UK Fruit salad 183
S. Sonnei 1986 U.S. Lettuce 184
1994 Norway Lettuce 185
1995 U.S. Scallions 186
1998 U.S. Parsley 187
Vibrio cholerae 1970 Israel Vegetables 188
Viruses
Calicivirus 1998 Finland Raspberries (frozen) 189
Hepatitis A 1983 UK Raspberries (frozen) 190
1988 U.S. Lettuce 191
1994 U.S. Tomato 192
1997 U.S. Strawberries 193
Norwalk and Norwalk-like 1987 UK Melon 194
1991 U.S. Celery 195
Parasites
Cyclospora cayetanensis 1996–97 U.S.-Canada Raspberries 196–200
1997 U.S. Lettuce 201
1997 U.S. Basil 202
1997 Peru Raw vegetables 165
Cryptosporidium parvum 1995 U.S. Mixed salad 203
1997 Peru Raw vegetables 165
Giardia lamblia 1992 U.S. Raw vegetables 204