128 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)
1’ Ocelli placed much more mesially, near each other; abdominal sterna not or only slightly
convex; head broader, usually 0.5-0.7 times width of pronotum; no distinct “pseudoscutel-
lum” is recognizable (Plataspinae) ........................................................................................ 2
2(1) Body relatively flat; color black, sometimes spotted with yellow, punctures variable, and often
with a yellow submarginal line on head, pronotum, and scutellum ...........Brachyplatys group
2’ Body more convex; color pattern red, yellow, or brown, maculated with dark brown to black
punctures; dark areas sometimes extensive and spotted or flecked with yellow but without a
yellow submarginal line on head, pronotum, and scutellum .........................Libyaspis group2.2.13 Primipentatomidae Yao, Cai, Rider, and Ren, 2013
This recently described fossil family contains four genera and five species (Table 2.2), all known only
from Liaoning Province in China. The following descriptive notes come primarily from Yao et al.
(2013). Its members are medium in size (8-15 mm), oval in shape. The head is triangular with the angles
rounded; the antennae are four-segmented, with segment I extremely short. Rostrum relatively short,
reaching beyond fore coxae, sometimes almost to middle coxae; segment I not reaching beyond posterior
margin of bucculae. Scutellum subtriangular with angles rounded, basal disc lunately elevated; frena
relatively long, reaching to apex of scutellum. Legs relatively simple, lacking distinct bristles and spines.
The original description indicates that the sternum is strongly carinate medially, but, from the illustra-
tions, it looks like it could be strongly carinate or strongly sulcate. The forewings are macropterous with
the coria relatively small, not reaching beyond apex of scutellum.
This family was not described until 2013; it presently contains four genera: Breviscutum Ya o, C a i ,
Rider, and Ren, Oropentatoma Yao, Cai, Rider, and Ren, Primipentatoma Yao, Cai, Rider, and Ren (with
two species), and Quadrocoris Yao, Cai, Rider, and Ren. All are from the Yixian or Jiufotang Formations
in western Liaoning Province, China. These deposits are estimated to date to the early Cretaceous.
Primipentatomidae is monophyletic and considered to be the sister group to all Pentatomoidea exclud-
ing Saileriolidae + Urostylididae (Yao et al. 2013).
2.2.14 Saileriolidae China and Slater, 1956
This group originally was described, “with some hesitation,” as a subfamily of the Urostylididae (China
and Slater 1956), and it only recently (Grazia et al. 2008) has been elevated to family level. This fam-
ily contains three genera (Bannacoris Hsiao (Figure 2.25I), Ruckesona Schaefer and Ashlock, and
Saileriola China and Slater) and four species (Table 2.2) known from China and Southeast Asia.
Members of this family are small (less than 5 mm) and somewhat ovate in shape (Figure 2.25I). The
head is subtriangular, strongly declivent, and the lateral margins are rounded, not edged or reflexed. The
ocelli are distinctly closer to each other than each is to their adjacent compound eye. The antenniferous
tubercles are conspicuous and arise above a hypothetical line drawn through the middle of the eyes; they
are easily visible from above. The antennae are five-segmented with segment I greatly elongate (longer
than length of head and pronotum combined), and segment III is short. The bucculae are relatively
short, not reaching beyond middle of head; the rostrum usually reaches onto abdominal segment IV.
The anterolateral pronotal margins are edged. The scutellum is sharply triangular with the basal region
swollen, and each frenum extends along its entire lateral margin. The scutellum leaves the clavi fully
unexposed, but there is no claval commissure, the apices of the clavi meet in a single point or slightly
overlap; the coria are weakly sclerotized, their apices reach well beyond the apex of the abdomen; the
membrane is provided with several subparallel veins; and the hamas of the hind wings is lacking. The
ostiole of the metathoracic scent gland is quite small and probably non-functional; associated external
scent efferent structures are absent. The acetabula of both the mesothoracic and metathoracic legs are
widely separated. The tarsi are three-segmented (erroneously indicated as two-segmented in Bannacoris
by Hsiao 1964), with segment II shortest. Intersegmental sutures of the pregenital abdomen at least partly
obscured, spiracles III-VII situated close to the lateral margin of abdomen, trichobothria are absent on
segment III, single (on each side) on segment IV, and double (on each side) on segments V and VI.