Nezara viridula ( L .) 357
small southern lowland part of the country located close to the boundary with Turkey where N. viridula
is present. The remaining part of Armenia is mountainous and probably not suitable for this species.
Similarly, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Tajikistan, and Mongolia mostly have a continental climate and a moun-
tainous topography and, thus, seem to be too cold for successful and permanent occurrence of Nezara viridula.
The territory of Turkmenistan also is mostly mountainous, but its climate is subtropical in the lowland
regions and the occurrence of Nezara viridula is considered probable (Putshkov 1965).
Most of the territory of Uzbekistan is covered with deserts, steppes, and mountains and has a continental
climate, which altogether are not suitable for Nezara viridula in terms of temperature and food resources.
Although we found no published records of Nezara viridula in Bhutan, Maldives, United Arab Emirates,
and Oman, the species probably occurs in some of these countries in the regions with a milder climate.
7.3.1.2 Range Expansion in Asia: A Case Study in Central Japan
The range of Nezara viridula is expanding constantly, both in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, with
examples of recent invasions including California and Washington in the United States, Paraguay, south-
ern Argentina, Hungary, Moldova, the United Kingdom, northern Switzerland, and southwest Germany
(Panizzi et al. 2000; Rédei and Torma 2003; Barclay 2004; Werner 2005; Rabitsch 2008, 2010; Stewart and
Kirby 2010; Grozea et al. 2012; Musolin 2012; Derjanschi and Chimişliu 2014; Looney and Murray 2016).
The phenomenon of rapid range expansion of Nezara viridula was documented and studied in detail in
central Japan (Figure 7.2). The northward range expansion is believed to have been influenced strongly
by changes in agricultural practices and the current climate warming (Musolin 2007, 2012; Yukawa et al.
2007, 2009; Tougou et al. 2009; Kiritani 2011; Musolin and Saulich 2012; Geshi and Fujisaki 2013).
On the other hand, it is considered a part of a complex interaction with the congeneric N. antennata:
under favorable conditions, such as a few consecutive mild winters, available food, and high popula-
tion density, N. viridula often will replace N. antennata almost completely (Kiritani 1963, 1971, 2011;
Kiritani and Hokyo 1970; Musolin 2007, 2012).
HokkaidoPrefectures where Nezara viridula was found:- before 200 1
- in 2001–2008
- since 200 9
HonshuNS e Izu IslandsShikokuOkinawa
PrefectureKyushuFIGURE 7.2 Changes in distribution of Nezara viridula in Japan. (Data from T. Koide, K. Yamaguchi, N. Ohno, and K.
Morimoto, Annual Reports of the Kansai Plant Protection Society 52: 163–165, 2010; K. Kiritani, Journal of Asia-Pacific
Entomology 14: 221–226, 2011; K. Suzuki, M. Nishino, and S. Shimo, Annual Reports of the Kansai Plant Protection
Society 53: 133–134, 2011; D. L. Musolin, Physiological Entomology 37: 309–322, 2012; and N. Mizutani, Shokubutsu
Boeki [Plant Protection] 67: 595–601, 2013, with permission.)