465

10

The Antestia Bug Complex in Africa and Asia

Régis Babin, Pierre Mbondji Mbondji, Esayas Mendesil, Harrison M. Mugo,
Joon-Ho Lee, Mario Serracin, N. D. T. M. Rukazambuga, and Thomas A. Miller

CONTENTS

10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 466
10.2 Antestiopsis Species and Their Distribution on Coffee in Africa and Asia ............................... 467
10.2.1 Antestiopsis spp. ............................................................................................................. 467
10.2.2 Antestiopsis thunbergii (Gmelin) ................................................................................... 467
10.2.3 Antestiopsis intricata (Ghesquière and Carayon) .......................................................... 468
10.2.4 Antestiopsis facetoides Greathead ................................................................................. 469
10.2.5 Antestiopsis clymeneis (Kirkaldy) ................................................................................. 469
10.2.6 Antestiopsis cruciata ( F.) ............................................................................................... 469
10.2.7 Antestia Species Closely Related to the Group but Not Found on Coffee .................... 470
10.3 Life History ................................................................................................................................. 470
10.3.1 Ecological Preferences ................................................................................................... 470
10.3.1.1 Relationships with Elevation .......................................................................... 470
10.3.1.2 Relationships with Shade and Microclimate .................................................. 470
10.3.1.3 Ecological Preferences at Tree Level .............................................................. 471
10.3.2 Feeding Habits ................................................................................................................ 471
10.3.2.1 Host Plants ....................................................................................................... 471
10.3.2.2 Feeding on Coffee .......................................................................................... 472
10.3.3 Phenology with Descriptions of Developmental Stages ................................................ 472
10.3.3.1 Antestiopsis thunbergii ................................................................................... 472
10.3.3.1.1 Egg Stage ..................................................................................... 472
10.3.3.1.2 Nymphal Instars .......................................................................... 473
10.3.3.1.3 Adult Stage .................................................................................. 473
10.3.3.2 Antestiopsis intricata ....................................................................................... 474
10.3.3.2.1 Egg Stage ...................................................................................... 474
10.3.3.2.2 Nymphal Instars ........................................................................... 474
10.3.3.2.3 Adult Stage ................................................................................... 475
10.3.4 Reproduction on Coffee .................................................................................................. 475
10.3.4.1 Antestiopsis thunbergii .................................................................................... 475
10.3.4.2 Antestiopsis intricata ....................................................................................... 475
10.3.5 Population Dynamics on Coffee ..................................................................................... 476
10.3.5.1 Seasonal Variation ........................................................................................... 476
10.3.5.2 Spatial Distribution in Plantations .................................................................. 477
10.3.5.3 Factors Involved in Population Dynamics ...................................................... 477
10.4 Predators and Parasites ................................................................................................................ 478
10.4.1 Predators .......................................................................................................................... 478
10.4.2 Egg Parasitoids ................................................................................................................ 478
10.4.3 Nymph and Adult Parasitoids.......................................................................................... 478