34 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)
14’ Scutellum usually subtriangular in shape, sometimes enlarged, but usually leaving lateral
and sometimes apical portions of abdomen uncovered (exceptions: Pentatomidae: Aphylinae,
Sepontia and Sepontiella, and several other Oriental and Austro-Papua genera) ............... 16
15(14) Anterior margin of pronotum meeting lateral margins in rounded arc; forewing with
secondary transverse fold at apex of corium; ventral abdominal intersegmental sutures
obscured laterally; dorsum strongly convex, venter flat, body uniformly black, usually
shining; Neotropics (Figure 2.16A) ..................................................................Canopidae
15’ Anterior and lateral margins of pronotum angulate; forewing not folded transversely;
ventral abdominal intersegmental sutures complete, reaching lateral margins; shape and
color variable, but if dorsum strongly convex and venter flat, then body usually not totally
black; worldwide (Figures 2.26A-L) ............................................................Scutelleridae
16(14) Tarsi 2-segmented; mesosternum often with a large compressed median keel (Figures
2.1J, K) posterior margin of abdominal sternite VII deeply excised in males, leaving
abdominal segment VIII exposed (Figure 2.1L); worldwide (Figures 2.15A-E; 2.25A)
..............................................................................................................Acanthosomatidae
16’ Tarsi 3-segmented (exceptions: Dinidoridae: Dinidorinae: Thalmini; Tessaratomidae:
Natalicolinae; Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Nealeriini, Opsitomini, Phalaecus,
Rolstoniellus, Prionocompastes); abdominal sternite VII of male not as above ........... 17
17(16) Bucculae elongate, uniformly elevated along length, forming ridge on each side of first
rostral segment (Figures 2.1M, N); worldwide .............................Pentatomidae (in part)
17’ Bucculae much shorter, arcuately elevated, forming short, flap-like structure on each side
along anterior portion of first rostral segment (Figures 2.1O, 2.2A) ............................ 18
18(17) Spiracles on abdominal segment II (first visible segment) partially or fully exposed, not
completely concealed by posterior margin of metapleuron (Figure 2.2B) ................... 19
18’ Spiracles on abdominal segment II (first visible segment) usually completely concealed by
posterior margin of metapleuron; Old World, Neotropics (Figures 2.18E-H; 2.27F-H) .......
......................................................Pentatomidae (part: Edessinae and Phyllocephalinae)
19(18) Metasternum usually produced laterally between coxae, and anteriorly onto mesosternum
(Figure 2.2C); antennae usually 4-segmented, if 5-segmented, then segment III quite short,
segments more or less cylindrical (Figure 2.2D); pronotum often extended posteriorly
over base of abdomen (Figure 2.2E); ostiolar ruga in form of anterior and posterior lobes
(Natalicolinae and Tessaratominae) (Figure 2.4C) or spout-shaped (Oncomerinae) (Figure
2.4D); veins in hemelytral membrane usually subparallel (Figure 2.2E); Old World, except
one genus in Neotropics (Figures 2.16K, L; 2.25J) ....................................Tessaratomidae
19’ Metasternum usually not produced laterally or anteriorly; antennae 4- or 5-segmented, but
usually with segment III not distinctively short, some segments often flattened (Figure
2.2F); pronotum not produced posteriorly over base of abdomen (Figure 2.25C); ostio-
lar ruga always spout-shaped (Figures 2.4A, B); veins of hemelytra may be reticulate;
Old World with one genus in Neotropics (Figures 2.16B-D; 2.25C) ............Dinidoridae2.2.2 Acanthosomatidae Signoret, 1863
The family Acanthosomatidae has had a typical pentatomoid taxonomic history. It, as well as many other
families of Pentatomoidea, has been treated by most early workers as a subfamily of a broadly-defined
Pentatomidae. Although China (1933) accorded it family status, it would be another 20-30 years before
most workers accepted it as a valid family. In his generic revision of the group, Kumar (1974a) recog-
nized this taxon as a valid family.
Fischer (1994) and Grazia et al. (2008) provided support for the monophyly of the family; however, the
phylogenetic relationships of the Acanthosomatidae within the Pentatomoidea are still unsettled (Kment
2006, Carvajal and Faúndez 2013). Gapud (1991) established the family as an intermediate lineage