lactating female mice (Mus musculus). Animal Behaviour
20 : 386 – 94.
Priestnall, R., and S. Young. 1978. An observational study of
caretaking behavior of male and female mice housed together.
Developmental Psychobiology11 : 23 –30.
Probst, R., M. Pavlicev, and J. Viitala. 2002. UV reflecting vole
scent marks attract a passerine, the great grey shrike Lanius
excubitor. Journal of Avian Biology33 : 437– 40.
Proctor, J., B. Haskins, and S. C. Forrest. 2006. Focal areas for
restoration and conservation of prairie dogs and the grassland
ecosystem of North America’s Great Plains. In Conservation
of the black-tailed prairie dog,ed. J. L. Hoogland, 232 – 47.
Washington, DC: Island Press.
Prohazka, D., M. A. Novak, and J. S. Meyer. 1986. Divergent
effects of early hydrocortisone treatment on behavioral and
brain development in meadow and pine voles. Developmena-
tal Psychobiology19 : 521–35.
Promislow, D. E. L., and P. H. Harvey. 1990. Living fast and
dying young: A comparative analysis of life-history variation
among mammals. Journal of Zoology, London220 : 417–37.
———. 1991. Mortality rates and the evolution of mammal life
histories. Acta Oecologica12 : 119 –37.
Przybylo, R., B. C. Sheldon, and J. Merilä. 2000. Patterns of
natural selection on morphology of male and female collared
flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). Biological Journal of the
Linnean Society69 : 213 –32.
Pucek, Z., W. Je ̨ drzejewski, B. Je ̨ drzejewska, and M. Pucek.
- Rodent population dynamics in a primeval deciduous
forest (Biaowiez ̊ a National Park) in relation to weather, seed
crop, and predation. Acta Theriologica38 : 199 –232.
Puckey, H., M. Lewis, D. Hooper, and C. Michell. 2004. Home
range, movement and habitat utilisation of the Carpentarian
rock-rat (Zyzomys palatalis) in an isolated habitat patch.
Wildlife Research31 : 327–37.
Puig, S., M. I. Rosi, M. I. Cona, F. Videla, and V. G. Roig. 1992.
Estudio ecologico del roedor subterraneo Ctenomys mendoci-
nusen la precordillera de Mendoza, Argentina: Densidad
poblacional y uso del espacio. Revista Chilena de Historia
Natural65 : 247–54.
Pulliam, H. R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation.
American Naturalist132 : 652 – 61.
Pulliam, H. R. 1996. Sources and sinks: Empirical evidence and
population consequences. In Population dynamics in ecologi-
cal space and time,ed. O. E. Rhodes, R. K. Chesser, and
M. H. Smith, 45 – 69. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pulliam, R., and T. Caraco. 1984. Optimal group size: Is there an
optimal group size? In Behavioral ecology: An evolutionary
approach,ed. J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, 122 – 47. Sunder-
land, MA: Sinauer.
Purohit, K. G., L. R. Kametkar, and I. Prakash. 1966. Reproduc-
tion biology and post-natal development in the northern palm
squirrel, Funambulus pennantiWroughton. Mammalia
30 : 538 – 46.
Pusenius, J., and R. S. Ostfeld. 2000. Effects of stoat’s presence
and auditory cues indicating its presence on tree seedling pre-
dation by meadow voles. Oikos91 : 123 –30.
Pusenius, J., and K. A. Schmidt. 2002. The effects of habitat ma-
nipulation on population distribution and foraging behavior
in meadow voles. Oikos98 : 251– 62.
Pusenius, J., J. Viitala, T. Marienberg, and S. Ritvanen. 1998.
Matrilineal kin clusters and their effect on reproductive suc-
cess in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Behavioral Ecology
9 :85 – 92.
Pusey, A. E. 1987. Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance
in birds and mammals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
2 : 295 – 99.
Pusey, A. E., and C. Packer. 1994. Non-offspring nursing in
social carnivores: Minimizing the costs. Behavioral Ecology
5 : 362 –74.
Pusey, A. E., and M. Wolf. 1996. Inbreeding avoidance in
animals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution11 : 201– 6.
Pyare, S., and J. Berger. 2003. Beyond demography and delisting:
Recovery for Yellowstone’s wolves and grizzly bears. Biologi-
cal Conservation113 : 63 –73.
Pye, T., and W. N. Bonner. 1980. Feral brown rats, Rattus nor-
vegicus,in South Georgia (South Atlantic Ocean). Journal of
Zoology, London192 : 237–55.
Quy, R. J, D. S. Shepherd, and I. R. Inglis. 1992. Bait avoidance
and effectiveness of anticoagulant rodenticides against war-
farin-resistant and difenacoum-resistant populations of Nor-
way rats (Rattus norvegicus). Crop Protection11 : 14 –20.
Rabenold, K. N. 1985. Cooperation in breeding by nonreproduc-
tive wrens: Kinship, reciprocity and demography. Behavioral
Ecology and Sociobiology17 : 1–17.
Rabinowitz, D. 1981. Seven forms of rarity. In The biological
aspects of rare plant conservation,ed. H. Synge, 205 –17.
Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Rabinowitz, P. D., M. F. Coffin, and D. Falvey, D. 1983. The
separation of Madagascar and Africa. Science220 : 67– 69.
Radcliffe, M. C. 1992. Repopulation of black-tailed prairie dog
(Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies after artificial reduction.
Master’s thesis, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Mary-
land.
Rado, R., N. Levi, H. Hauser, J. Witcher, N. Adler, N. Intrator,
Z. S. Wolberg, and H. Terkel. 1987. Seismic signaling as a
means of communication in a subterranean mammal. Animal
Behavior35 : 1249 – 66.
Rainey, D. G. 1956. Eastern woodrat, Neotoma floridana: Life
history and ecology. Museum of Natural History8:535–646.
Ralls, K. 1971. Mammalian scent marking.Science171 : 443 – 49.
———. 1976. Mammals in which females are larger than males.
Quarterly Review of Biology51 : 245 –76.
———. 1977. Sexual dimorphism in mammals: Avian models and
unanswered questions.American Naturalist111 : 917–38.
Ralls, K., J. D. Ballou, and A. Templeton. 1988. Estimates of
lethal equivalents and the cost of inbreeding in mammals.
Conservation Biology2 : 185 – 93.
Ralls, K., P. H. Harvey, and A. M. Lyles. 1986. Inbreeding in
natural populations of birds and mammals. In Conservation
biology: Science of scarcity and diversity,ed. M. E. Soule,
35 –56. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
Ramia, M. 1974. Estudio ecologico del modulo experimental de
Mantecal (Alto Apure). Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de
Ciencias Naturales31 : 117– 42.
Rampaud, M. 1984. Typology of wild rat populations. Acta
Zoologica Fennica171 : 233 –36.
Randall, J. A. 1981. Comparison of sandbathing and grooming
in 2 species of kangaroo rat. Animal Behaviour29 : 1213 –19.
———. 1984. Territorial defense and advertisement by foot-
drumming in bannertail kangaroo rats (Dipodomys
spectabilis) at high and low population densities. Behavioral
Ecology and Sociobiology 16 :11–20.
———. 1987a. Field observations of male competition and mat-
ing in Merriam’s and bannertail kangaroo rats. American
Midland Naturalist117 : 211–13.
———. 1987b. Sandbathing as a territorial scent-mark in the
570 References