habitat use in alpine marmots (Marmota marmota). Oecolo-
gia76 : 544 – 48.
Turner, L. W. 1973. Vocal and escape responses of Spermophilus
beldingito predators. Journal of Mammalogy54 : 990 – 93.
Twigg, G. 1975. The brown rat.Newton Abbot, Devon, UK:
David and Charles.
Tyser, R. W. 1980. Use of substrate for surveillance behaviors in
a community of talus slope mammals. American Midland
Naturalist104 : 32 –38.
Ulevicius, A., and L. Balciauskas. 2000. Scent marking intensity
of beaver (Castor fiber) along rivers of different sizes.
Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde65 : 286 – 92.
Unda, C., M. A. Rojas and J. Yánez. 1980. Estudio preliminar
del ciclo reproductivo y efecto medioambiental en dos pobla-
ciones de Spalacopus cyanus. Archivos de Biología y Medic-
ina Experimentales (Chile)13 : 115.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1970.Conservation of
endangered species and other fish or wildlife(first list of
endangered foreign fish and wildlife as appendix A). 35 FR
8491– 98.
———. 1984.Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants:
Final rule to reclassify the Utah prairie dog as threatened,
with special rule to allow regulated taking.49 FR 22330 –34.
———. 1998. Multi-species recovery plan for the threatened and
endangered species of south Florida.vols. I and II: Techni-
cal /Agency draft. Vero Beach, Florida: USFWS.
———. 2000.Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants:
12-month finding for a petition to list the black-tailed prairie
dog as threatened.65 FR 5476 –5488.
———. 2002. Northern Cheyenne Reservation: Tongue River
Enhancement Project.Lewistown, Montana: USFWS.
———. 2004. Species assessment and listing priority assignment
form.69 FR (159) : 51217–51226.
Upchurch, M., and J. M. Wehner. 1988. Differences between
inbred strains of mice in Morris water maze performance.
Behavior Genetics18 : 55 – 68.
———. 1989. Inheritance of spatial learning ability in inbred
mice: A classical genetic analysis. Behavioral Neuroscience
103 : 1251–58.
Uresk, D. W., and A. J. Bjugstad. 1983. Prairie dogs as ecosystem
regulators on the northern high plains. In Proceedings of the
Seventh North American Prairie Conference, August 4 – 6,
1980,ed. C. L. Kucera, 91– 94. Springfield: Southwest
Missouri State.
Urrejola, D., E. A. Lacey, J. R. Wieczorek, and L. A. Ebensper-
ger. 2005. Daily activity patterns of free-living coruros (Spala-
copus cyanus). Journal of Mammalogy86 : 302 – 8.
Vaché, M., J. Ferron, and P. Gouat. 2001. The ability of red
squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) to discriminate conspe-
cific olfactory signatures. Canadian Journal of Zoology
79 : 1296 –1300.
Valsecchi, P., E. Choleris, A. Moles, C. Guo, and M. Mainardi.
- Kinship and familiarity as factors affecting social trans-
fer of food preferences in adult Mongolian gerbils. Journal of
Comparative Psychology110 : 243 –51.
Valsecchi, P., and B. G. Galef, Jr. 1989. Social influences on the
food preferences of house mice (Mus musculus). International
Journal of Comparative Psychology2 : 245 –56.
Valsecchi, P., A. Moles, and M. Mainardi. 1993. Does mother’s
diet affect food selection of weanling wild mice. Animal
Behaviour 46 :827–28.
Valsecchi, P., G. R. Singleton, and W. J. Price, W. J. 1996. Can
social behaviour influence food preference of wild mice, Mus
domesticus,in confined field populations? Australian Journal
of Zoology44 : 493 –501.
Van Aarde, R. 1987. Pre- and postnatal growth of the the Cape
porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis. Journal of Zoology
211 : 25 –33.
Van Couvering, J. A. H., and J. A. Van Couvering. 1976. Early
Miocene mammal fossils from East Africa: Aspects of geol-
ogy, faunistics and paleoecology. In Human origins: Louis
Leakey and the East African evidence,ed. G. L. Isaac and
E. R. McCown, 155 –207. Menlo Park, CA: W. A. Benjamin.
Van den Berg, C. L., T. Hol, J. M. Van Ree, B. M. Spruijt,
H. Everts, and J. M. Koolhaas. 1999. Play is indispensable for
an adequate development of coping with social challenges in
the rat. Developmental Psychobiology 34 : 129 –38.
Van Den Brink, F. H. 1968. A field guide to the mammals of
Britain and Europe.Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Van Horne, B., G. S. Olson, R. L. Schooley, J. G. Corn, and
K. P. Burnham. 1997. The effects of drought and prolonged
winter on Townsend’s ground squirrels in shrubsteppe habi-
tats. Ecological Monographs67 : 295 –315.
Van Horne, B., R. L. Schooley, and P. B. Sharpe. 1998. Influence
of age, habitat, and drought on the diet of Townsend’s ground
squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy79 : 521–37.
Van Loo, P. L. P., C. L. J. J. Kruitwagen, L. F. M. van Zutphen,
J. M. Koolhaas, and V. Baumans. 2000. Modulation of ag-
gression in male mice: Influence of cage cleaning regime and
scent marks. Animal Welfare9 : 281– 95.
Van Loo, P. L. P., E. van der Meer, C. L. J. J. Kruitwagen, J. M.
Koolhaas, L. F. M. V. Zutphen, and V. Baumans. 2003. Strain-
specific aggressive behavior of male mice submitted to different
husbandry procedures.Aggressive Behavior29 : 69 – 80.
Van Schaik, C. P., M. Ancrenaz, G. Borgen, B. Galdikas, C. Knott,
I. Singleton, A. Suzuki, S. S. Utami, and M. Merrill, 2003.
Orangutan cultures and their implications. Science299 :
102 –5.
Van Schaik, C. P., and C. H. Janson, eds. 2000. Infanticide by
males and its implications.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press.
Van Vuren, D. 1990. Dispersal of yellow-bellied marmots. PhD
diss., University of Kansas, Lawrence.
———. 1996. Ectoparasites, fitness, and social behaviour of
yellow-bellied marmots. Ethology102 : 686 – 94.
Van Vuren, D., and K. B. Armitage. 1994a. Reproductive success
of colonial and noncolonial female yellow-bellied marmots
(Marmota flaviventris). Journal of Mammalogy75 : 950 –55.
———. 1994b. Survival of dispersing and philopatric yellow-
bellied marmots: What is the cost of dispersal? Oikos
69 : 179 – 81.
Vandenbergh, J. G. 1967. Effect of the presence of a male on
the sexual maturation of female mice. Endocrinology
81 : 345 – 49.
———. 1969. Male odor accelerates female sexual maturation in
mice. Endocrinology84 : 658 – 60.
———. 1983. Pheromonal regulation of puberty. In Pheromones
and reproduction in mammals,ed. J. G. Vandenbergh,
95 –112. New York: Academic Press.
Vandenbergh, J. G., and D. M. Coppola. 1986. The physiology
and ecology of puberty modulation by primer pheromones.
Advances in the Study of Behavior16 : 71–107.
Vandenbergh, J. G., L. C. Drickamer, and D. R. Colby. 1972.
Social and dietary factors in the sexual maturation of fe-
male mice. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility28 : 397–
405.588 References