acoustic adaptation hypothesis, 323 –24
acoustic environment, 323 –24
action component, of kin recognition, 217
action plan, for conservation, 454, 462
active-season length, 201
activity: cost, of predation, 328; rhythms, 330 –
31, 383 – 84
adaptations, energetic, 467–70
adoption, 272 –73, 351
adrenal cortex, 140
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 140 – 42
affordance, perceptual, 309 –10, 313
African rodents, 13, 427–37
age, at maturity, 100 –103, 105
aggregations, 346, 348, 350, 397
aggression, 87, 93, 174, 188 – 90, 261, 266,
274 –75, 288, 292, 297–302, 312, 361, 364,
366, 374 –76, 385 – 86, 423, 482 – 83; inter-
specific, 297– 98
aging, 147– 49, 204
agricultural conversion, 472 –73, 475
agricultural pests, 383 – 84
alarm calls, 200, 233, 307– 8, 317–27, 337,
348 – 49, 351–52, 371, 377, 379, 408 –10,
425, 438 – 44, 449; costs of, 318 –21, 325;
evolution of, 326 –27; functionally refer-
ential, 324 –26; individually distinctive,
320 –21; individual responses to, 324; low-
frequency, 323; microstructure of, 317, 323 –
24, 326 –27; nepotistic, 321–23, 441– 43;
opportunity cost of, 318 –20; production
specificity of, 325; relation to habitat, 323 –
24, 327
aldosterone, 192
Allee effect, 458 –59
allometric brain growth, 186
allonursing, 226 –27, 390, 399, 408
alloparental care, 55, 226 –27, 237–38, 250,
363, 390, 399, 408
allospecies, 295
allozymes, 167, 168 –71
alternative reproductive tactic, 35 –36, 86 – 95
altricial young, 100, 104, 196 – 97, 232 –33,
242, 412 –14
amygdala, 187– 88, 266
analgesia, 308 – 9
anal gland, 256, 284 – 86
analysis, levels of, 4 –5, 57, 195 – 96, 205, 220,
224, 227, 414, 489 – 90
androgen-dependence, 153, 258 –59, 262, 266
anestrus, 107– 8
animal welfare, 266
ant dipping, by chimpanzees, 207– 8
anthropocentric activities, 472
antibody prevalence, 479
antigen, 479; -presenting locus, 60 – 61
apparent altruism, 352
arbitrary group model, 167– 68
arboreal, 19, 86, 89, 92 – 93, 95
arenavirus, 479, 481– 83, 485
Argentine hemorrhagic fever, 481
aridity, 291–302, 368 –79, 427–37; aridity
food-distribution hypothesis (AFDH), 157–
58, 250 –52, 296, 301–2, 369 –70, 433 –34
assessment, 255, 257– 60, 309, 311, 313
auditory cues, of prey, 334
babysitting, 233
badger, stuffed, 440
bait shyness, 392
bajio, 394 – 95, 401–2
balancing selection, 61
banco, 395, 401–2
basal metabolic rate, 73 –74, 77– 82, 84 – 85
beavers, tail slapping of, 286
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, 187– 93
behavior/behavioral: amicable, 300, 350 –52,
361, 366; arbitrary, learning of, 213 –14;
development, 153 –54, 195 –206, 220 –24,
313 –15; evasive, 87; flexibility, 372-73, 377,
381– 83, 388 – 91; plasticity, 195 –206, 352,
381– 83, 388 – 91; syndrome, 205. See also
other behavior patterns
benzodiazepine-GABA, 308 – 9
best of a bad job strategy, 86, 90
bet-hedging model, 103
bioassay, 217, 224, 228
biogeography, 8-14, 294, 407– 9, 428, 464 – 66
birth posture, 233
blind mole-rats, burrow system of, 293 – 94
body: fat, 154, 359 – 60, 443; mass, 100 –105,
118 –23, 155, 359 – 60, 374, 442 – 43; size,
99 –100, 102 –3, 115 –28, 359 – 60, 366, 406
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 483
boreal forests, 329 –32, 334, 339 – 41
bottom-up effects, 455, 485, 468 – 69, 471
brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 187
brain development, 185 – 94
breakaway, by female, 87– 88
breeding: cooperative, 55, 226 –27, 247, 249,
252 –53, 356, 407– 8, 431–33, 435; disper-
sal, 150, 156 –58; -group model, 166 – 67,
168 –71; intensity, 389; mound, of blind
mole-rats, 293 – 94; seasonal, 388 – 89, 394,
398 – 400, 436; structure, and philopatry,
245 – 46; synchrony, 34 –36, 107– 8, 396,
399 – 401, 445 – 47
breeding suppression: and fear, 336 – 41; social,
145 – 47, 178 –79, 272, 277, 349, 361, 364 –
66, 435 –36
Bruce effect, 40, 109 –110, 112, 178, 276 –77
burrow, 348 – 49, 352, 369, 467– 68, 470;
clumped sites, 348 – 49, 354; entrance num-
bers, 445, 447
burrow excavation: cooperation in, 408 –11,
433 –34; energetic costs of, 413 –14, 433 –34burrowing, cooperative, 250 –54, 369 –70,
407– 411, 413, 433 –34
caching behavior, 335, 339 – 41, 374 –75
camouflage, 419
cannibalism, 89, 270 –72, 447– 49
carbon disulfide, 211
castoreum, 256, 285 – 86
castor sacs, 285
catecholamines, 140
cat odor, aversion to, 390 – 91
census population size, 170
center-edge effect, 200, 349
c-fos, 190
character: displacement, 324; mapping, 20 –22,
73 – 85, 429
chasing, cooperative, 349, 353
chastity enforcement, 91
chemicals in urine, 106 –14, 225, 256, 259,
262 – 63, 266, 386
Chinese zodiac, 381
chisel-tooth digging, 292
chromosomal species, 294 –302
circadian rhythms, 330 –31
cladistics, 16
clan, 439, 445 – 47
climate: change, 466, 470, 486; and dimor-
phism, 124 –26, 128
clinal variation, in behavior, 297–300
clumping of females, 33 –34
coalition formation, 275
co-ancestry, 164, 166
cognition, 140
cognitive map, 310
colony maintenance, 284 – 85
commensal species, 380 – 92
common species, 380 – 92, 455
communication: acoustic, 200, 233, 307– 8,
317–27, 337, 348 – 49, 351–52, 371, 377,
379, 408 –10, 425, 438 – 44, 449; chemical,
108 – 9, 210, 214, 222 –23, 255 – 66, 284 –
86, 376 –77, 386 – 87, 394 – 95, 397– 98;
complexity of, 347– 48; olfactory, 210, 214,
255 – 66, 284 – 86, 376 –77, 386 – 87, 395,
397– 98; referential, 324 –26; seismic, 292,
317, 320 –21, 337–38, 371, 376
community: diversity, 483 – 86; dominance,
459 – 60, 462; interactions, 459 – 60, 462
comparative analysis, 19 –23, 72 – 85, 345 – 48,
352, 354
comparative method, 4 – 6, 19 –23
competition: intrasexual, 42, 46, 59, 89 – 92,
116, 152, 255, 257– 60, 273 –79, 385 – 87;
for mates, 42, 46, 59, 89 – 92, 116, 152,
271–74, 278; for space, 152 –54, 174, 271–
72, 278, 395 – 96, 400 – 402
competitive mate searching, 35 –36, 89 – 90
competitor assessment, 257–59, 262