conditionally dependent strategy, 86
conservation, 7, 156, 453 –77; status, of species,
454, 463 – 68, 472
construction behaviors, of beavers, 284 – 85
contagious distribution, 348
convergence, 11
cooperation, 52 –55, 158 – 60, 251–53, 408 –10
copulation, 43, 49 –52, 94, 440 – 41; copulatory
duration, 92 – 94; copulatory lock, 94; copu-
latory plug, 38, 52, 88 – 91
corridors, 460 – 61
corticosteroid, 143, 146, 149, 192 – 93, 364,
369; corticosteroid binding globin (CBG),
140 – 45
cortisol, 140, 142 – 44, 147
cost /benefit decision, 489
costs: of alarm calling, 318 –21; of missed op-
portunity, 335; of scent marking, 255, 262 –
63, 265
coterie, 165, 169 –70, 439, 445 – 47
counter marking, 258, 260 – 61, 263 – 65, 386
counter strategies: to infanticide, 274 –77; to
sperm competition, 37– 41, 91– 92, 445 – 47
cover, and fear, 329 –30, 332, 335 – 40
créching, 400 – 401
crevices, in rocks, 418 –19, 422 –26
cross-fostering, 61, 187, 208, 218, 220, 228
cryptic female choice, 42, 49 –52
cryptic phenotypes, 58
cytochrome b, 13, 429, 431
Darling effect, 459
dear enemy effect, 261
declarative memory, 148
defense: polygyny, 29 –35, 422 –24; of young,
231–33, 274 –77
defensive burying, of snakes, 306 –7
demographic models, 166 – 67
demography, 73 –79, 99 –105, 150 – 62, 387,
457; ephemeral, 456 –57
demonstrator effect, 211, 384
den, pupping, 396, 398 – 402
denning, communal, 396, 398 – 402
density-dependence: delayed, 339; effects, 108 –
11, 178 – 80, 382 – 83, 386 – 87; transmis-
sion, 480 – 81
density-male hypothesis, 34
dependencies, among species, 460
desertification, 467
deserts, 291–302, 328 – 41, 368 –79
deterministic influence, 458 –59
development: ecological effects on, 199 –204;
social effects on, 196 – 99, 203 – 4
developmental entrenchment, 315
developmental rate, 200 –201, 434
dexamethasone, 142 – 44, 147, 192
diets, 73 –74, 77– 80, 374 –75, 383 – 85, 391,
407–10, 468
differential investment, 130, 137
differential mortality, 137–38
digging, for food, 213, 250 –53, 413 –14, 433 –
34
dilution of function, 307– 8
dimorphism, sexual, 115 –28
dimorphism ratio, 117
direct gaze, 309, 313
direct-inference study, 227–28
diseases, 382, 390 – 91, 470 –71, 478 – 86; rat-
borne, 390 – 91; transmission of, 364, 478 –
86
dispersal, 53 –55, 69 –72, 76 –79, 150 – 62,
179 – 80, 245 – 49, 282, 346 – 47, 360 – 62,
366, 373, 378, 383, 386, 411, 414, 433 –36,
457–58, 470, 483, 485; barrier, 156, 158;
corridor, 156; delayed, 153 –54, 158 – 62,
178 –79, 282, 346 – 47, 360, 366, 368, 373,
378; and gene dynamics, 164 – 65, 168 –72;
post-breeding, 150, 156 –58; presaturation,
457; sink, 456; triggers, 153 –54; waif, 9, 12
distribution of sociality, 244, 356 –58, 297–
301, 346 – 48, 369 –78, 405 – 410, 431–32
diurnal activity, 330 –31, 337–38
divergence times, of rodent lineages, 11–14,
294 – 95, 358, 381, 393, 403 – 4, 428 –31
diversifying selection, 61
diversity, of rodents, 8 –10
diving for mollusks, 208, 212
dominance, 42 – 47, 87, 255 –56, 258 – 62, 264,
284, 288, 350, 385, 398, 402; dominance
hierarchy, 34 –36, 38, 284, 385, 396, 402
dopamine, 191– 93
dorsal gland, 222 –23
drifting territoriality, 395
drought, 469
eartag, 439 – 40
eavesdropping, 257, 265 – 66, 322, 333 –34
ecodevo, 205
ecological constraints, 54, 247– 48, 252, 281,
348 – 49, 369 –71, 373, 378, 411, 425 –26,
433
ecosystem processes, 474 –75
ectoparasites, 364, 390 – 91, 470, 473 –74,
476 –77, 484 – 85
edge, response to, 457, 460, 462
effective population size ( Ne), 163 – 64, 167–
72, 456
effective reproductive ratio, 480
elastic disk, 175
El Niño, 485
emotional brain, 188
enclosures, 175, 176
endangered species, 453 –56, 463 – 68, 472,
476 –77; endangered species act, 476 –77
endocrine disruptor, 204 –5
endorphins, 308 – 9
energetics, and dimorphism, 125 –27
energy: budget, 468 – 69; limitation, 467–70
enurination, 398
environmental harshness, 349, 358 –59, 363,
368 –79, 424 –25, 432 –35
environmental resources, 152 –53
epidemiologic models, 480
epigenetic approach, 196, 205 – 6
epinephrine, 140
estrogen, 108
estrus, 87, 106 –14, 188, 386 – 90, 396; induc-
tion, 108 – 9, 113; postpartum, 236; syn-
chrony, 106 –7
eusociality, 249, 431–37, 490; continuum, 6,
244, 249, 431
eutherians, phylogenetic position of, 14 –15
evolutionary history, 8 –23, 68 – 85, 294 – 95,
381, 403 – 4
evolutionary trap, 205
exotic annual plants, 470 –71exotic species, 454, 471
experimental method, 5
expression component, 217
extended family groups, 54 –55
extinction, 454, 456 –57, 460, 471, 474 –75
extrinsic factors, 410 –12
extrinsic modification hypothesis, 137
factor analysis, 99 –105, 117
facultative adjustment, 130 –34, 137
familiarity, 43 – 44, 220 –23
families, of rodents, 8 –11, 403 – 4
family group, 55, 249, 280 – 90, 347, 356 –57,
361– 67, 377, 417, 422 –24, 439 – 40
fast life history, 99 –105
fat, 359 – 60, 366, 442 – 43
fear, 310, 328 – 41; ecology of, 328 – 41; re-
sponses, 328 –38
fear-driven system, m-driven, 334 –35, 339 – 41
fecundity, 101, 102, 104 –5
feeding patterns, 383 – 84
female: -biased dimorphism, 116, 119, 124 –26;
-biased dispersal, 152; choice, 42 –52, 59 –
61, 88 – 89, 259 –260, 263, 386 – 88, 442;
-defense polygyny, 29 –35, 398; dispersion
hypothesis, 288 – 89, 396; distribution, 27,
32 –33, 40, 69 –72, 75 – 85; energetics, 127–
28, 467–70; kin cluster, 54 –55, 158 –160,
347; philopatry, 43, 53 –55, 71–72, 150,
157– 62, 166, 169 –71, 179 – 80, 245 – 48,
347, 349, 354, 373, 378, 383, 409 –11, 414,
425; reproductive strategies, 42 –56, 87– 89,
129 –38, 231–39; scent marking, 108 – 9,
260 – 61, 376, 284 – 86, 397– 98; territorial
size, 174 –75
fence effect, 176, 180
fertilization assurance, 43, 48 – 49
fire, 420, 465, 470
first cohort advantage, 136
fitness: direct, 43, 46 – 47, 247– 48, 321–22,
326 –27, 350 –51, 353, 362, 438; and gene
function, 57–58, 62 – 67; and inbreeding,
62 – 64; inclusive, 54, 157, 216, 218, 226,
228, 248, 321–22, 435; indirect, 43, 46 – 47,
321–22, 326 –27, 350 –51, 438
flank gland, 190, 263 – 64, 266
flavored diets, 209 –11
fleas, 364, 390 – 91, 470, 473 –74, 476 –77,
484–85
floods, 399
fluctuating asymmetry (FA), 66 – 67
focal area, 475 –77
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 107
food: aversions, 211, 384; caching, 233, 335,
339 – 41, 374 –75; -defense hypothesis, 174;
limitation, 349, 371, 468 –70; preference
tradition, 209 –10; provisioning, 152; re-
cruitment to, 212 –13; -related odor, 211–
12; restriction, 130 –31; selection , 209 –11,
384 – 85, 392; supplementation, 152 –53,
469 –70; unpredictability, 369 –379
foot drumming, 317, 320 –21, 337–38, 371,
376
foraging: and fear, 328 – 41; optimal, 335; by
social learning, 211; strategy, 270, 330 – 41
fos immunoreactivity, 113
fossil record: of marmots, 358; of rodents, 11–
14; of social mole-rats, 428 –31600 Subect Index