CA). For outgroups Sigmodonand Akodon,we took the
average of all the species for each genus as the geographic
range for that genus (table 6.2).
All of our hypotheses about whether ecological, physio-
logical, or life-history characteristics of the taxa are able to
explain the observed variation in these breeding behaviors
are largely based on energetic reasoning. Thus we also in-
clude basal metabolic rate (BMR) as an independent vari-
able (table 6.2). The data on metabolic rates were from
McMillan and Garland (1989). We used mass independent
data in our analyses by using residual values from the pre-
dicted values from the significant relationship of body mass
and mass-specific BMR for all Neotomine-Peromyscine
rodents included in our analysis (F1,25 81.18, P0.001,
R^2 0.76; logBMR 0.32 log Body Mass 0.67).
Phylogenetic methods
The phylogeny we used is based on the study of Bradley
et al. (2004), which differentiated the Baiomyini, Neoto-
mini, Onychomyini, and Peromyscini groups with Sigmo-
donand Akodonas outgroups. Not all species of interest in
this study were included by Bradley et al. (2004), so we fol-
lowed Edwards and Bradley (2002) for relationships among
Neotomaand Arellano et al. (2003) for relationships among
Reithrodontomys. Within the Peromyscini, several species
of Peromyscuswere not part of the phylogeny published by
Bradley et al. (2004), so we relied on information from
Stangl and Baker (1984) and Bradley (unpublished data)
when necessary. We use two tree topologies that differ pri-
marily in the placement of the Onychomyini. In the first,74 Chapter Six
Table 6.2 Ecological, physiological, and life-history characteristics of Neotomine-Peromyscine rodent species
Residual
Species Relative BMR BMR
distribution litter (mlO 2 /g / (mlO 2 /g /
Taxon area (km^2 ) weight minute) minute) Feeding habit Referencesa
O. torridus 3907553.78 0.30 1.55 0.01 Carnivorous McCarty 1975 and references therein; Chew and Chew 1970
O. leucogaster 3907553.78 0.29 1.55 0.10 Carnivorous McCarty 1978 and references therein
Baiomys taylori 1164795.22 0.45 1.95 0.01 Omnivorous Eshelman and Cameron 1987 and references therein
R. humulis 1596620.06 0.38 2.46 0.01 Omnivorous Stalling 1997 and references therein
R. fulvescens 2640627.61 0.27 2.46 0.10 Insectivorous Spencer and Cameron 1982 and references therein
R. megalotis 5303556.43 0.44 2.46 0.07 Granivorous Webster and Knox Jones, Jr. 1982 and references therein
P. crinitus 930352.55 0.45 1.33 0.18 Omnivorous Johnson and Armstrong 1987 and references therein
P. boylii 2680094.46 0.31 2.34 0.14 Omnivorous Kalcounis-Rüppell and Spoon (ms. submitted) and references
therein
P. eremicus 1387374.30 0.29 1.47 0.10 Omnivorous Veal and Caire 1979 and references therein
P. californicus 158389.58 0.25 1.37 0.04 Omnivorous Merritt 1978 and references therein
P. melanocarpus 9334.39 0.18 1.67 0.11
P. attwateri 490547.28 0.31 1.67 0.01 Herbivorous Brown 1964
P. gossypinus 1401995.07 0.24 1.72 0.03 Omnivorous Wolfe and Linzey 1977 and references therein
P. mexicanus 512873.21 0.20 1.67 0.10
P. truei 2184728.43 0.27 1.71 0.01 Omnivorous Hoffmeister 1981 and references therein
P. leucopus 6593854.13 0.38 1.66 0.03 Omnivorous Lackey et al. 1985 and references therein
P. polionotus 478832.59 0.44 1.79 0.06 Herbivorous Gentry and Smith 1968
P. maniculatus 14104524.90 0.40 1.74 0.01 Omnivorous Baker 1983
Neotomodon 51636.24 0.16 1.67 0.09 Insectivorous Glendinning and Brower 1990
alstoni
N. albigula 1952915.28 0.13 0.74 0.08 Herbivorous Macˆ edo and Mares 1988 and references therein
N. floridana 2172842.61 0.19 0.72 0.06 Herbivorous Rainey 1956; Wiley 1980 and references therein
N. micropus 1121208.66 0.13 0.72 0.06 Herbivorous Braun and Mares 1989 and references therein
N. stephensi 228873.06 0.11 0.72 0.12
N. cinerea 3636547.44 0.17 0.73 0.03 Herbivorous Smith 1997 and references therein
N. macrotis 327006.17 0.12 0.79 0.01 Herbivorous Carraway and Verts 1991 and references therein
Sigmodon 937034.08 0.32 1.48 0.18 Omnivorous Cameron and Spenser 1981 and references therein
Akodon 556064.75 0.49 1.70 0.02 Omnivorous Dalby 1975
NOTES:Sigmodonand Akodonare included as outgroups for comparative purposes. Average values for genus, where specific value was not available is denoted by an
asterisk (*).a
For feeding habit only; see text for other sources of data in this table.