CHAPTER

WHAT IS THE WORLD MADE OF?

The problem of consciousness is related to some of the oldest questions in phi-
losophy: What is the world made of? How did it get here? Who or what am I? What
is the point of it all? In particular, it is related to the mind–body problem – that is,
what is the relationship between the physical and the mental?

In the early twenty-first century, many people use the term ‘consciousness’ quite
unproblematically in everyday language to refer to their own private experience
or awareness. It is no longer synonymous with ‘mind’, which has many other
meanings and uses, and which seems to have lost some of its mystery. This is
mainly because we are rapidly learning how the brain works. We know about the
effects of brain damage and drugs, about neurotransmitters and neuromodula-
tors, about how changes in the firing of brain cells accompany changes in a per-
son’s experience, and about how all this relates to the rest of the nervous system
and the body. We might expect all this knowledge to have clarified the nature and
causes of conscious awareness, but it doesn’t seem to have done so. Conscious-
ness remains a mystery.

In many other areas of science, increasing knowledge has made old philosophical
questions obsolete. For example, no one now agonises over the question ‘what is
life?’ The old theories of a ‘vital spirit’ or élan vital are superfluous when you under-
stand how biological processes make living things out of non-living matter. As
Daniel Dennett puts it, ‘the recursive intricacies of the reproductive machinery of
DNA make élan vital about as interesting as Superman’s dread kryptonite’ (1991,
p. 25). The point is not that we now know what élan vital is, but that we don’t

What’s the problem?

one

‘There is nothing that we

know more intimately

than conscious

experience, but there is

nothing that is harder to

explain’.

(Chalmers, 1995a, p. 200)