Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

590 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

adult diapause. These changes most likely would affect the critical photoperiod: its value would probably
increase, so that diapause would be induced earlier (i.e., before mid-September). This would prevent both
nonadaptive reproduction in October–November and incomplete diapause formation in the late-autumn
adults. The current late diapause formation not only has direct negative effects on the population (such as
high adult mortality during overwintering and low reproductive potential after diapause) but also influ-
ences the viability of the spring generation (Musolin and Numata 2003b).
An essentially similar but oppositely directed process was observed in Japan in the fall webworm,
Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). The population of this pest species was introduced
accidentally into Japan in 1945 and established in the territory where only two generations could be
completed per year. At the end of the 20th century, a population was discovered that had switched to a
trivoltine seasonal cycle due to changes in its eco-physiological traits, particularly the lowering of the
critical photoperiod of the winter pupal diapause induction (Gomi 1997, Musolin and Saulich 2012a).
The unique adaptive ability to disperse and naturalize outside of its natural range has been demonstrated
by the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål). The natural range of this pentato-
mid covers southeastern Asia (China, Japan, North Korea, and South Korea; see Chapter 4). However,
in the mid-1990s, the species was found in the United States of America (Pennsylvania). Since then, it
has actively spread across the continent and has been registered in 40 states and territories of the United
States of America and Canada (Hoebeke and Carter 2003, Lee et al. 2013). Recently, the species also
has been reported in different locations in Europe (Wermelinger et al. 2008, Haye et al. 2014, Milonas
and Partsinevelos 2014). However, the invasive North American and European populations differ in their
genetic composition, and it is believed that the species invaded North America from the Beijing region
(China) and Europe from another (not yet determined) region of Asia (Gariepy et al. 2014, Xu et al. 2014).
Halyomorpha halys attracts serious attention as it is widely polyphagous and can feed on and, thus,
damage more than 300 species of both wild and cultivated plants. Moreover, as the species apparently
prefers to overwinter in large aggregations in houses and other constructions, which buffer unfavorable

100

50

Incidence of diapause,

%

0

10

1 Dec1 Nov1 Oct1 Sep1 Aug1 Jul

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Nezara viridula

Riptortus pedestris

Plautia stali

Eysarcoris ventralis

Aelia fieberi

Halyomorpha halys

Dybowskyia reticulata

Graphosoma rubrolineatum

Photoperiod, h

Natural day-length (h/day) at the

beginning of each month at 35 °N

FIGURE 12.19 The photoperiodic responses of facultative winter diapause induction in females of several seed-feeding
true bug species in Osaka and the nearest regions of Japan. Nymphs were reared to adults and then maintained at 25°C under
constant photoperiodic conditions (indicated under the horizontal axis). Details and references: Nezara viridula (Osaka,
34.7°N, 135.5°E; Musolin and Numata 2003a); Riptortus pedestris (= R. clavatus) (Kyoto, 35°N, 135.8°E; Kobayashi and
Numata 1993); Plautia stali (Tawaramoto, 34.5°N, 135.8°E; Numata and Kobayashi 1994); Eysarcoris ventralis (Izumo,
35.4°N, 132.8°E; Noda and Ishi 1981); Aelia fieberi (Osaka, 34.7°N, 135.5°E; Nakamura and Numata 1997); Halyomorpha
halys (Kobe, 34.7°N, 135.3°E; Niva 2003); Dybowskyia reticulata (Osaka, 34.7°N, 135.5°E; Nakamura and Numata 1998);
Graphosoma rubrolineatum (Osaka, 34.7°N, 135.5°E; Nakamura and Numata 1999). All of the species belong to the fam-
ily Pentatomidae, except R. pedestris (Alydidae). (From D. L. Musolin, Global Change Biology 13: 1565–1585, 2007, with
permission.)