Seasonal Cycles of Pentatomoidea 597
be more functional in the case of univoltinism. In the stink bug subfamily Pentatominae, which mainly
unites the potentially multivoltine species, this adaptation was found more often in representatives of
the tribes Carpocorini and Eysarcorini. The responses to day length can be totally opposite even within
one species: some populations of a species can accelerate their development under short-day conditions
and others, under long-day conditions. This trait is manifested at the population level and ensures a high
degree of adaptation of local populations to their living conditions.
Summer diapause is seldom included in the seasonal cycle of Pentatomoidea but has been discovered
and experimentally studied in several species. In the arid climate, summer diapause is more likely to be
obligate (as in Aelia rostrata). The onset of estivation accompanied by migrations allows true bugs to
survive high summer temperatures. This seasonal strategy is similar to the well-studied seasonal cycle
of Scutelleridae. In the temperate latitudes, summer diapause ensures synchronization of the phases of
univoltine seasonal development with local environmental conditions and usually is controlled by day
length (e.g., in Picromerus bidens and Carbula humerigera).
At the present stage of research of seasonal cycles, it would be premature to make any conclusions about
the occurrence of particular types of seasonal development in different taxa of stink bugs. Phylogenetic
reconstruction based on morphological characters has no predictive value as concerns the pattern of
seasonal development of a particular species or its populations. For example, in Pentatomidae, Andrallus
spinidens (F.) and Picromerus bidens (both Asopinae, Platinopini) belong to two sister genera (Figure
12.23; Gapon 2008) but have clearly different seasonal cycles: a multivoltine cycle mostly regulated by
the temperature in A. spinidens and a univoltine cycle based on obligate embryonic and facultative adult
diapauses in P. bidens.
The species Apoecilus cynicus and Podisus maculiventris from the tribe Amyotini of the pentato-
mid subfamily Asopinae are morphologically similar but belong to different clades (Figure 12.24;
Gapon 2008). They also have highly different seasonal development patterns: obligate univoltinism in
Canthecona
Planopsys
Afrius (Afrius)
Afrius (Subafrius)
Fiarius
Andrallus*
Picromerus*
Parealda
Ealda
Bulbostethus
Cantheconidea
Montrouzierellus
Eocanthecona
Platynopus
Platynopiellus
Leptolobus
Macrorhaphis
Mecosoma
Damarius
Hoploxys
DorycorisFIGURE 12.23 Phylogeny of the pentatomid tribe Platinopini Gapon 2008. The genera Andrallus Bergroth and Picromerus
Amyot et Serville are indicated by asterisks. (From D. A. Gapon. A taxonomic review of the world fauna of stink bugs
[Heteroptera: Pentatomidae] of the subfamilies Asopinae and Podopinae. Ph. D. Dissertation in Biology. Saint Petersburg,
Russia , 20 08.)