Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

598 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)

A. cynicus and photoperiodically regulated multivoltinism in P. maculiventris. On the other hand, the
seasonal cycles of Picromerus bidens and A. cynicus are similar though these species belong to different
pentatomid tribes. There seem to be more such examples, but the data on the seasonal development of
most species are absent or fragmentary. Nevertheless, the type of seasonal cycle does not appear to be
related to the taxonomic position of the species.
Analysis of the available material clearly shows that a certain seasonal cycle may not be typical of the
whole species but may be characteristic for particular populations, being completely determined by the
specific living conditions of each population. In view of this, it is not totally correct to apply the terms
multivoltinism or univoltinism to a species because the same species may be represented by univoltine
populations under some conditions and multivoltine populations under others, depending on the geo-
graphic position. Therefore, these terms should probably refer to the seasonal cycle of a population
in a particular region. The species as a whole can be described as potentially multivoltine. The term
univoltine should be used only in those cases where the species is known to complete only one genera-
tion within its entire range, or where it has been shown experimentally that nondiapause development of
a series of generations cannot be induced without some special techniques.
In general, even though the study of seasonal cycles of Pentatomoidea and their control is needed both
for practical reasons and for solving theoretical issues, this field of the true bugs’ biology is still far from
being well-explored.

12.7 Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Professor J. E. McPherson (Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology,
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale) for careful and patient editing of the chapter and Dr. Tatiana A.
Volkovich (Department of Entomology, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia) for permission to cite
her personal communication. The research in different years was supported by the Council for Grants
of the President of the Russian Federation; State Support of the Leading Scientific Schools (project
No.  3332.2010.4); the Inessa Charitable Foundation; and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science,
Sports and Technology of Japan (Grants-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows No. 98116 and L-4562 and STA Fellow
No. 200141 and via The 21st Century COE Program at Kyoto University).

Apoecilus*

Conquistador

Supputius

Tylospilus

Proapateticus

Apateticus

Podisus*

Brontocoris

Tyrannocoris

Tynacantha

Oechalia

Troilus

Amyotea

Arma

FIGURE 12.24 Phylogeny of the pentatomid tribe Amyotini Gapon 2008. The genera Apoecilus Stål and Podisus Herrich-
Schäffer are indicated by asterisks. (From D. A. Gapon. A taxonomic review of the world fauna of stink bugs [Heteroptera:
Pentatomidae] of the subfamilies Asopinae and Podopinae. Ph. D. Dissertation in Biology. Saint Petersburg, Russia, 2008.)