611

13

Pentatomoids as Vectors of Plant Pathogens

Paula Levin Mitchell, Adam R. Zeilinger, Enrique Gino Medrano, and Jesus F. Esquivel

CONTENTS

13.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 612
13.1.1 Modes of Transmission of Pathogens by Hemiptera ............................................... 612
13.1.2 Heteropteran Feeding Mechanisms ........................................................................ 612
13.1.3 Pentatomid Mouthparts .......................................................................................... 614
13.1.3.1 Structure of Mouthparts .......................................................................... 614
13.1.3.2 Formation of the Stylet Bundle ............................................................................... 614
13.1.3.3 Rostrum and Feeding Mechanics .............................................................................. 615
13.1.3.4 Stylet Penetration Potential ..................................................................... 615
13.1.4 Overview of Pathogens Transmitted by Pentatomoidea ......................................................... 616
13.1.5 Selective Transmission — Role of Pathogen Localization ..................................................... 616
13.1.6 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 617
13.2 Viruses .............................................................................................................................. 617
13.2.1 General Overview of Viruses ................................................................................................... 617
13.2.2 Longan and Lychee ................................................................................................ 617
13.3 Phytoplasmas ..................................................................................................................... 618
13.3.1 General Overview of Phytoplasmas ........................................................................................ 618
13.3.2 Empress Tree ......................................................................................................... 618
13.4 Bacterial Pathogens ..................................................................................................................... 619
13.4.1 General Overview of Bacterial Pathogens ..................................................................... 619
13.4.2 Cotton ............................................................................................................................. 619
13.4.3 Legumes ......................................................................................................................... 620
13.5 Fungal Pathogens ........................................................................................................................ 620
13.5.1 General Overview of Fungal Pathogens .......................................................................... 620
13.5.2 Coffee ............................................................................................................................. 620
13.5.3 Cotton ............................................................................................................................. 621
13.5.4 Legumes ......................................................................................................................... 621
13.5.5 Pistachio ......................................................................................................................... 622
13.5.6 Rice ................................................................................................................................... 624
13.5.7 Other Crops .................................................................................................................... 624
13.6 Trypanosomatids ......................................................................................................................... 625
13.6.1 General Overview of Trypanosomatids ........................................................................... 625
13.6.2 Coconut .......................................................................................................................... 626
13.6.3 Oil Palms .......................................................................................................................... 627
13.7 Epidemiology of Pentatomid-Borne Pathogens .......................................................................... 628
13.7.1 Symbiotic Pathogens ...................................................................................................... 628
13.7.2 Facultative Pathogens ...................................................................................................... 630
13.8 Future Research Directions........................................................................................................ 631
13.9 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 632
13.10 References Cited .................................................................................................................... 632