James C. VanderKam
and one with a dot (frg. 5 also has five letters but on two lines). So he
searched for uses of "Issachar" in the literature and very tentatively sug
gested that 4Q484 was a Hebrew copy of the Testament of Judah. Apparently
the presence of J137 in frg. 7 pointed more to the Testament of Judah (the
word is used at 25:2) than to the Testament of Issachar. He also notes that the
verb Dip can be read on frg. 19, and it is presupposed in TJud 24:1 and per
haps v. 5.^18 Emile Puech later restudied the fragments while working on the
edition of 4Q538 that Milik had identified as from a Testament of Judah.
Puech revised some of Baillet's readings and determined that 4Q484 should
be renamed 4Qjub'.^19 He thought a shin or a lamed followed the name
"Issachar" on frg. 1 (Baillet had indicated no additional letter) and thought it
fit Jub 28:22 or 34:20. On either reading of a letter after "Issachar," the frag
ment would not match the Ethiopic wording in Jub 28:22 (semo yessakor ba-
rabu'u), nor in 34:20 (wa-sema la-be'esita yessakor hezaqa). For frg. 2, where
Baillet placed two midline dots on either side of Puech reads
("certainement") '3X^0 as in Jub 33:7 {'arVasani robel). The identifi
cation is possible but the reading is far from assured. The other fragments
Puech must treat differently, as there is either no word or no context, but he
does think Baillet's reading of JT57 in frg. 7 is wrong; a better reading is JlQ, a
name found in Jub 19:12. As the name appears in Gen 25:2 as well, I do not
think we have warrant for regarding 4Q484 as another copy of Jubilees.^20
The Qumran fragmentary copies are not the only evidence for the He
brew version of Jubilees, and there are also indications that Jubilees exercised
a modest influence in later Hebrew literature.
As the editors and commentators have regularly noted, some midrash-
im embody expansions closely resembling ones in Jubilees. The following
are especially noteworthy.
- The Book of Asaph (or The Book of Noah): The first part of the text
has close similarities with Jub 10:1-14, the story about the 90 percent reduc
tion in the number of demons allowed to afflict the descendants of Noah.
The text is available in A. Jellinek, Bet ha-Midrash: Sammlung kleiner Mid-
raschim und vermischter Abhandlungen aus der alteren judischen Literatur, - DJD 7, 3, with pi. I.
- Puech, "Une nouvelle copie du Livre des Jubiles 4Q484 = pap4QJubiles'," RevQ 19,
no. 74 (1999): 261-64. - Puech ("Une nouvelle copie," 264 n. 7) also writes that identifying 4Q516 as a copy
of Jubilees is not excluded, but the only evidence he cites is frg. 9 where Baillet read J^tl,
placing circlets above all three letters (DJD 7,300). But Jubilees is only one of several works
that mentions the name, and the reading is not certain.