Science - USA (2022-06-03)

wide geographic range appears to reflect an
ecological versatility inherited from its sexual
progenitors combined with a greater coloniz-
ing ability conferred by parthenogenesis per
se. The twofold cost of sex is being paid by
W. whiteiandW. flavolineata.Thereisno
evidence, however, that deleterious mutation
accumulation is affectingW. virgofitness, at
least over ~250,000 generations, which is con-
sistent with other recent empirical work ( 23 ),

although mutation accumulation might still

play a role over a longer time frame.

There are strong phylogenetic biases to the

origin of parthenogenesis ( 1 , 24 ). Indeed, the

only other described case among the ~11,000

species of Caelifera (grasshoppers and relatives)

is W. ngadju from hybridizations between the

same two species that producedW. virgo.Our

findings are therefore consistent with the“rare

formation”hypothesis ( 18 , 25 ). Future work

should focus more on constraints on parthe-

nogenesis arising in the first place, including

a detailed genomic analysis of experimental

hybrids and mutational changes in exomes

[compare ( 23 )].

REFERENCES AND NOTES

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12. M. R. Kearney,Zootaxa 4482 , 201–244 (2018).


13. W. R. Atchley,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74 , 1130–1134 (1977).


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18. W. C. Warrenet al., Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2 , 669–679 (2018).


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20. M. J. D. White, N. Contreras,Evolution 33 ,85–94 (1979).


21. C. H. Lowe, J. W. Wright,J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 4 ,81 –87 (1966).


22. O. Cuellar,Science 197 , 837–843 (1977).


23. J. Kočí et al., Mol. Ecol. 29 , 3038–3055 (2020).


24. M. O. Moreira, C. Fonseca, D. Rojas,Biol. Lett. 17 , 20210006
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25. M. Stöck, K. P. Lampert, D. Möller, I. Schlupp, M. Schartl,
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26. Data and code for: M. R. Kearneyet al., Parthenogenesis
    without costs in a grasshopper with hybrid origins, Zenodo
    (2022); https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5234183.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank T. Schwartz for assistance in isolating microsatellite loci;

A. Kilian and S. Cooper for discussions about SNP analysis;

A. Schneider, J. Deutscher, and E. van Wilgenburg for assistance

with grasshopper maintenance and phenotypic data collection;

N. Kearney, P. Kearney, S. Comber, P. Doughty, and A. Hossain for

assistance in the field; and D. Stuart-Fox, B. Phillips, G, McFadden,

and three anonymous reviewers for feedback on the manuscript.

Western Australian specimens were collected under research

permit no. SF004376.Funding:This work was supported by the

Australian Research Council (ARC) (grants DP0450050 and

DP0771924 to M.R.K.; grants DP160100279 and DP190100990 to

M.R.K. and A.A.H.; grant LE150100083 to S.L.C., M.R.K., and

A.A.H.; and grant DP140101240 to M.R.K. and S.L.C.); by an

Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship

(J.D.K.); and by a Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment (J.D.K.).

Author contributions:Conceptualization: M.R.K., A.A.H., S.L.C.;

Funding acquisition: M.R.K., A.A.H., S.L.C., J.D.K.; Investigation:

M.R.K., I.J.A., V.L.W., A.A.H., M.E.J., M.J.B., S.L.C., J.D.K.;

Methodology: M.R.K., A.A.H., S.L.C., M.E.J., V.L.W., M.J.B., I.J.A.,

J.D.K.; Project administration: M.R.K., A.A.H., S.L.C.; Supervision:

M.R.K., A.A.H., S.L.C.; Visualization: M.R.K., A.A.H., M.E.J.,

S.L.C., V.L.W.; Writing–original draft: M.R.K., A.A.H., S.L.C.;

Writing–review and editing: M.R.K., A.A.H., S.L.C., I.J.A., M.E.J.,

V.L.W., J.D.K., M.J.B.Competing interests:The authors declare no

competing interests.Data and materials availability:The genetic,

phenotypic, and distribution data that support the findings of

this study, as well as code to reproduce the analyses, are

available at Zenodo ( 26 ). All other data needed to evaluate the

conclusions in this study are present in the main manuscript or the

supplementary materials.License information:Copyright © 2022

the authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American

Kearneyet al., Science 376 , 1110–1114 (2022) 3 June 2022 3of4

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HaHazzelVlelVl

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IIIvvvanhoeanhoeanhoe

MoniGapMoniGapMoniGapMoniGap

IIIIanhoeanhoeanhoeanhoe

NetlNetleeyy

NNoowingiwingi

ShttltnShttltnShttltnShttltn

StStrrlngVlngVlngV

ShttltnShttltnhttltnhttltn

WntwWntwrrthth

KalgoKalgorrll

RRdSwmp2RdSwmp2

SprgvllSprgvll

flvlnt

virgovirgo

whiteiwhitei

0 500 1000 1500

SNP index

Individual index

SNP

a | a

a | A

A | A

0 500 1000 1500 2000

SNP index

Individual index

SNP

a | a

a | A

A | A

Fig. 3. SNP variation across all individuals (withW. whiteiused as reference).(A) Each column
represents a biallelic SNP and each row represents an individual (grouped by species). Where colors are
shared, identical genotypes were recorded. White colors indicate heterozygotes, and red and blue colors
indicate homozygotes fixed for alternate alleles. (B) W. virgodata sorted by population presented from west
(top) to east (bottom). Colors and structure of (B) follow those of (A).

RESEARCH | REPORT