Port anD the Douro 301‘PDRITM’ vineyards 65
Peso da Régua 265
pests 28–9, 31–2, 64, 69, 198, 244
phylloxera 28–9, 31–2, 64, 89, 198, 244
pickers (roga) 125, 126, 140
Pinhão 30–31, 37, 41, 56, 57, 103, 266, 269
Pinhão valley 106–9, 267
pink Port 136
planting
block planting 121
interplanting 75–6
planting times 67
replanting 31–2, 49, 64–5, 75
vine density classification 61
Pocinho 57, 119–20, 265, 267
points system 43, 61–2
Pombal, Marquês de 12–16
Port, future of 271, 272
Port, history of
blending and over-production (18th century)
11–12
disease, spread of 28–9, 31, 64, 89, 198
exports (1950s) 43–4
exports (1980s-2011) 51–2
first shippers of 9–10
first vintage 17–18
fortification
(19th century) 25–6
Forrester on 24–6
liberalisation of regulations 50
scandal (1970s) 48
foundations of trade 6–8
grape varieties 71–4
invention and early fermentation 11
nationalisation policy 48
prices (early 19th century) 20
regulations under Pombal 12–16
trade after Second World War 43–5
trade during Second World War 41
trading regulations 38
export under independent permit 50, 90,
203
export under the entreposto 38–9, 40
protectionism under Franco 36
regulations under Pombal 12–16
vintages (19th century) 197–9
see also Douro region, history of; producers and
shippers of Port
Port and Douro Wine Institute 262
Port production see production of Port
Port types see types of Port
Port Wine and Oporto (Ernest Cockburn) 36, 37–8,
40
Port Wine Exporters’ Association (AEVP) 47
Port Wine Route 91
Portugal Old and New (Oswald Crawfurd) 26
Portugal, history of
Commonwealth Treaty (1654) 7
early history 1–3
early wines 5–6
emergence as a republic 36–7, 38
First World War 38
French invasion (1807) 19–20
Methuen Treaty (1703) 9
migration and emigration 6, 18–19, 44
overseas influence and expansion 4–6
Peninsular War 19–22
restoration of the monarchy 7
revolution (1974) 46–8
social and trade changes (1960s-1970s) 44
Spain, relations with 6, 16
trade and treaty with England 3–5, 6, 11–12
Treaty of Alcanices (1297) 3
Prats, Bruno 256
pressing 140, 247
producers and shippers of Port
brand composition and positions 204–5
co-operatives 43, 44, 203
companies
Andresen 205
Barão De Vilar 206
Barros 206
Borges 207
Burmester 207–8
Butler Nephew 208
Casal dos Jordões 70, 221
Castelinho 210
Champalimaud 211
Churchill 208–9, 249
Cockburn 20, 73, 74, 79, 121, 132, 204,
209–10
Croft 9, 21, 132, 204–5, 212–13
Cruz 220
Dalva 213
Delaforce 204, 213–14
Dow 119, 187, 189, 195, 198, 214–15
Feist 215
Ferreira 65, 204, 216–17
Fonseca 1, 45, 70, 172, 182, 189, 204–5,
217–18