170 "Presenting" the Past
- Dipak Malik, "Three Riots in Varanasi, 1989-90 to 1992," South Asia Bulletin
14, no. 1 (1994), p. 55. - From a 1992 Delhi Forum publication, as presented in K.N. Panikkar, "Reli-
gious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayod-
hya," Social Scientist 21, nos. 7-8 (July-August 1993), p. 71. - "Bloody Aftermath," India Today, 31 December 1992, pp. 58-61.
- See Raj Chengappa and Ramesh Menon, "The New Battlefields," India Today,
31 January 1993, p. 28. - Uma Chakravarti et al., "Communalisation of a U.P. Town," Hindu, 16 June
- M.J. Akbar, Riot after Riot: Reports on Caste and Communal Violence in India
(New Delhi and New York: Penguin Books, 1988), pp. 128-29. - Harold A. Gould, "Patterns of Political Mobilization in the Parliamentary
and Assembly Elections of 1989 and 1990," in India Votes: Alliance Politics and
Minority Governments in the Ninth and Tenth General Elections, ed. Harold A. Gould
and Sumit Ganguly (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), p. 44. - Bhaskar Roy, "Emerging Power," India Today, 31 March 1990.
- "The Manifestoes: What Is an Offer," Frontline, 25 May-7 June 1991, p. 49.
- The following was the statewide tally: Bihar, 5; UP, 50; HP, 2; Delhi, 5; Hary-
ana, 0; Rajasthan, 12; and MP, 12. The other major stronghold was Gujarat, 20. It
is interesting to note that most of the BJP candidates who lost their deposit hailed
from other parts of the country with a rather decent record in the heartland: Bihar,
25; UP, 4; HP, 0; Delhi, 0; Haryana, 9; Rajasthan, 0; and MP, 0. Likewise, the party
had polled 22.89 percent of the votes in the 198 constituencies that had the election
on May 20, and obtained only 18.46 percent in the 262 constituencies that had elec-
tions after Rajiv Gandhi's death. It is also important to note that in 70 constituen-
cies the party won with a very narrow margin of 10,000 to 50,000 votes. See Lok
Sabha Poll: An A.l.R. Anahjsis (New Delhi: All India Radio, 1991), pp. 13-14,17-50,
52, 73. - Some 180 interviewers traveled to 30 parliamentary constituencies across 11
states and Delhi (which account for 465 seats in Parliament) and interviewed 5,650
registered voters, including 527 Muslims who were aware of the Ayodhya issue.
See "Politics of Opportunism," India Today, 15 August 1992. - Some 200 interviewers traveled to over 300 locations in 34 parliamen-
tary constituencies spread across India and interviewed 11,172 registered voters
between July 14 and 20. See "Three Way Split," India Today, 15 August 1993. - Shiv Lai, Election Activity in India 1993, vol. 1 (New Delhi: Election Archives,
1994), p. 162. - Ibid., pp. 171-73.
- Ibid., p. 172.
- Ibid., pp. 172,178.
- Constructed with the figures from Bhaskar Roy, "Emerging Power," India
Today, 31 March 1990; Ramesh Vinayak, "Raiding the Votebanks," India Today, 15
October 1993; and Lai, Election Activity in India 1993, pp. 53-54, 66, 78,102,119. - Inderjit Badhwar, "Saffron Setback," India Today, 15 December 1993.
- Geeta Puri, "UP polls: BJP's Hold Only on Upper Castes," Indian Express,
12 December 1995. The collapse of the two successive coalition governments of
the SP (Mulayam Singh Yadav) and the BSP (Mayavati) must have eroded their